physiology and histology Flashcards
When do free radicals produce more free radicals?
while causing oxidation reactions
Free radicals are superoxidizers that not only cause an oxidation reaction but also produce new free radicals in the process.
What causes injured skin to restore itself to its normal thickness?
hyperproduction of cells
Through a hyperproduction of cells and blood clotting, injured skin can restore itself to its normal thickness.
What is the dermis?
support layer below the epidermis
The dermis, also called the derma, corium, cutis, or true skin, is the support layer of connective tissues above the hypodermis.
What are ceramides?
glycolipid materials
Ceramides are a group of waxy lipid molecules such as glycolipids that are important to barrier function and water-holding capacity such as glycolipids. Lipids are reduced if the skin is dry, damaged, or mature.
What is true of the stratum corneum?
It is the outermost layer of the skin.
The stratum corneum , also known as the horny layer, is the top, outermost layer of the epidermis.
What is the result of the contraction of the arrector pili muscle?
goose bumps
When we are cold, the arrector pili muscles attached to the hair follicles contract and cause goosebumps.
What are membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis?
dermal papillae
The dermal papillae are membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis.
Which of the following statements is true about the nail plate?
It contains no nerves.
The hard, or horny, nail plate contains no nerves or blood vessels.
What are sweat glands that are found all over the body with openings on the skin’s surface through pores and that are not attached to hair follicles?
eccrine
What is the formal name for the horny layer?
stratum corneum
The stratum corneum, also known as the horny layer, is the top, outermost layer of the epidermis.
What is the average internal temperature of the body in degrees Fahrenheit?
98.6
The body’s average internal thermostat is set at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
What happens in the stratum granulosum?
Keratin is produced.
The production of keratin and intercellular lipids takes place in the stratum granulosum.
What is an esthetician’s primary focus?
all of the answers
An esthetician’s primary focus is on preserving, protecting, and nourishing the skin.
What are corneocytes?
hardened keratinocytes
Keratinocytes on the surface have hardened into corneocytes, the waterproof protective cells.
What are hair papillae?
cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle
Hair papillae are the small, cone-shaped elevations at the bottom of hair follicles.
What does scar tissue lack?
hair and sweat glands
Scar tissue lacks hair and sweat glands.
What protein fiber is found in the dermis and gives skin its flexibility and firmness?
elastin
Elastin is the fibrous protein that forms elastic tissue and gives skin its elasticity.
Which nerves react to heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch?
sensory
Sensory, or afferent nerve fibers send messages to the central nervous system and brain to react to heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch.
What part of the skin provides a protective cushion and energy storage for the body?
subcutaneous layer
The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue. This tissue creates a protective cushion that gives contour and smoothness to the body, and it is also a source of energy for the body.
What happens in the stratum germinativium?
Cells divide
The stratum germinativum, also known as the basal cell layer, is located above the dermis and is composed of a single layer of basal cells laying on a “basement membrane.” In this active layer, stem cells undergo continuous cell division (mitosis) to replenish the skin cells that are regularly shed from the surface.
How is B-keratin different from A-keratin?
It has lower moisture and fat than A-keratin.
B-keratin has lower moisture and fat content than soft A-keratin does, and is a particularly tough, elastic material.
What causes transepidermal water loss?
evaporation
Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is water loss caused by evaporation on the skin’s surface.
Where in the body is hyaluronic acid found?
skin
Beneficial fluids such as hyaluronic acid are part of the skin.
What is the technical term for the nail?
onyx
Onyx is the technical term for the nail.
What is oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and that lubricates both the skin and hair?
sebum
Sebum is an oily substance that protects the surface of the skin and lubricates both the skin and hair.
What is collagen?
fibrous tissue made from protein
Collagen is a protein substance of complex fibers that gives skin its strength and is necessary for wound healing.
What are the glands that excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body?
sudoriferous
Sudoriferous glands help to regulate body temperature and eliminate minute amounts of waste products by excreting sweat.
What is glycation?
the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule
Glycation is the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule, resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures known as advanced glycation end products.
What function do the sudoriferous glands perform?
excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body
Sudoriferous glands excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body.
What comprises about 50 to 70 percent of the skin?
water
The skin is approximately 50 to 70 percent water.
What is not an element of the skin’s acid mantle?
blood
The acid mantle is the protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water.
_____ are the basic material and building blocks of the body’s tissues.
Proteins
The basic materials and building blocks for our body’s tissues are proteins.
Estheticians should have a thorough understanding of the physiology and histology of the skin for all of the following reasons except _____.
diagnosing problems your clients are having and prescribing treatments
Estheticians should study and have a thorough understanding of the physiology and histology of the skin because: The complexity of the skin is astonishing. The layers, components, and functions all work with other body systems to protect and regulate the skin and other parts of the body. The study of skin physiology and histology includes learning about the aging process as well as interpreting the effects of ultraviolet (UV) damage, hormonal influences, and nutrition on skin health. Each of these factors affect the skin’s health and appearance. There is much to study about the body’s largest organ and how to best maintain its optimum health and with a deeper understanding, the skin therapist can confidently treat this sophisticated system.
What is the acid mantle?
protective layer of lipids and secretions on the skin’s surface
The acid mantle is the barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water.
If a person has a purple or bluish tone under their fingernails, then they likely have which condition?
cyanosis
Cyanosis is when a person has a purple or bluish tone under their fingernails.
Why does the body perspire?
to protect us from overheating
Millions of sweat glands release heat from the body through perspiration to keep us from overheating.
What is true of the epidermis?
It is the outermost layer of the skin.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin.
What causes the body to produce its own vitamin D?
exposure to the sun
Vitamin D is synthesized and produced in the skin upon exposure to the sun.
What is hydrolipidic film?
oil–water balance that protects the skin’s surface
Eccrine glands are _____.
sweat glands
There are two kinds of sweat glands, apocrine and eccrine.
What causes telangiectasia?
aging
Telangiectasia is the dilation of the capillary walls.
Why is UVB radiation also known as “burning rays”?
UVB wavelengths cause burning of the skin as well as cancer
UVB radiation causes burning of the skin as well as tanning, aging, and cancer.
How fast does hair grow?
6 inches per year
The speed of hair growth is roughly 0.5 inch per month, which is about 6 inches per year.
Estheticians who specialize in the health and beauty of skin are sometime referred to as _____.
technicians
Estheticians who specialize in the health and beauty of skin are sometime referred to as technicians, skin therapists, or specialists.
What percentage of hard B-keratin does hair contain?
90%
Hair contains 90 percent hard B-keratin.
What is not one of the six primary functions of the skin?
reflection
The six primary functions of the skin are protection, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, secretion and absorption.
Estheticians should be able to interpret the effects of which factor that influences skin health and appearance?
all of the answers
Estheticians should study and have a thorough understanding of the physiology and histology of the skin because this study of skin physiology and histology includes learning about the aging process as well as interpreting the effects of ultraviolet damage, hormonal influences, and nutrition on skin health. Each of these factors affect the skin’s health and appearance.
What function do sebaceous glands perform?
protect the surface of the skin
Sebaceous glands protect the surface of the skin.
Histology is also known as _____.
microscopic anatomy
Histology is also known as microscopic anatomy, the study of the structure and composition of tissue.
What are follicles?
tubelike openings in the epidermis
Follicles are tubelike depressions with oil glands attached to them.
What hormone stimulates cells to reproduce and heal?
epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Hormones such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulate skin cells to reproduce and heal.
Where in the body are the coiled structures known as apocrine glands found?
underarm and genital areas
The apocrine glands are coiled structures attached to the hair follicles found under the arms and in the genital area.
Which nerves convey impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands?
motor
Motor, or efferent, nerve fibers convey impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands
Which of the following is not a characteristic of healthy skin?
slightly rough
Healthy skin is slightly moist, soft, smooth, and somewhat acidic.
What are most abundant in the fingertips, as opposed to other parts of the body?
sensory nerve fibers
Sensory nerve fibers are most abundant in the fingertips and are designed to be one of the most sensitive parts of the body.
