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Cardio > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

intrinsic control of SV

A

changes brought about by changes in diastolic length/ diastolic stretch of myocardial fibres

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2
Q

EDV

A

volume of blood within each ventricle at the end of diastole

determines the cardiac preload

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3
Q

cardiac afterload

A

the resistance into which the heart is pumping

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4
Q

increase in afterload

A

at first: heart unable to eject full SV, so SV decreases > increase in EDV > force of contraction increase
eventually causing ventricular hypertrophy

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5
Q

hormones that regulate extracellular fluid volume

A

the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
natriuetic peptides
antidiuretic hormones

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6
Q

rate liming step for RAAS

A

Renin secretion

RAAS regulated by mechanisms which stimulates renin release from juxtaglomerular apparatus in kidneys

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7
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

region comprising of the macula densa, extraglomerylar mesangial cells and granular cells

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8
Q

Natriuretic peptides

A

peptide hormones synthesised by the heart and released in response to cardiac distension or stimuli

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9
Q

NPs function

A

Cause excretion of salt and water in kidneys > reducing blood volume and BP

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10
Q

decrease renin release =

A

decrease BP

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11
Q

two types of NPs released by the heart

A

atrial peptide

brain-type natriuretic peptide

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12
Q

shock

A

an abnormality of the circulatory system resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation

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13
Q

causes of shock

A

loss of blood
sudden severe impairment of heart function
physical obstruction to circulation
excessive vasodilation and abnormal distribution of blood flow

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14
Q

4 types of shock

A

hypovolaemic shock
cardiogenic shock
obstructive shock
distributive shock

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15
Q

hypovolaemic shock

A

caused by loss of blood volume

haemorrhagic or non-haemorrhagic

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16
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

caused by sudden severe impairment of cardiac function

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17
Q

obstructive shock

A

caused by physical obstruction to circulation either in or out the heart
- PE, pneumothorax

18
Q

Distributive shock

A

caused by excessive vasodilation and abnormal distribution of blood flow
neurogenic or vasoactive

19
Q

Systemic vascular resistance

A

sum of resistance of all vasculature in the systemic circulation

20
Q

Resistance to blood flow

A

characteristics of blood, length of blood vessel, radius of blood vessel (inversely proportional to the power of 4)

21
Q

nerve control of vascular smooth muscle

A

sympathetic nerves
noradrenaline acting on alpha receptors
- constrict

22
Q

Vasomotor tone

A

means the vascular smooth muscle is partially constricted at rest
caused by tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves > continuous release of noradrenaline

23
Q

Main hormone control of vascular smooth muscle

A

Adrenaline from the medulla

  • acting on alpha (skin, gut, kidney arterioles) receptors causes vasoconstriction
  • acting on beta2 (cardiac and skeletal) receptors causes vasodilatation
24
Q

other hormones involved in control of vascular smooth muscle

A

angiotensin II- causes vasoconstriction

antidiuretic hormone- causes vasoconstriction

25
Q

intrinsic control of vascular smooth muscles

A

match the blood flow of different tissues to their metabolic needs
can over-ride extrinsic controls
chemical and physical factors

26
Q

chemical local metabolite factors causing relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle

A

decreased PO2

increased PCO2

27
Q

examples of chemical local humoral agents that cause vasodilation

A

histamine
bradykinin
NO

28
Q

Nitric oxide

A

continuously produced by vascular endothelium from amino acid L-arginine through enzymatic action of nitric oxide synthase
potent vasodilator

29
Q

examples of chemical local humoral agents that cause vasoconstriction

A

serotinin
thromboxane A2
leukotrienes
endothelin- potent vasoconstrictor, released from endothelial cells

30
Q

factors influencing venous return

A

increased venomotor tone
increased blood volume
increased “skeletal muscle pump”
increased “respiratory pump”

31
Q

Venomotor tone

A

increased venomotor tone increases venous return

32
Q

what is an ECG

A

recording of potential changes, detected by electrodes that allow the electrical activity of the heart to be monitored

33
Q

12 leads of the ECG

A

3 standard limb leadds
3 augmented voltage leads
6 chest leads- horizontal

34
Q

Lead II

A

sees the heart from inferior view

35
Q

PR interval

A

time for the SA node impulses to reach the ventricles

36
Q

Leads I and aVL

A

lateral leads

views the heart from the left

37
Q

Leads II, III, and aVF

A

inferior leads

38
Q

V1 and V2

A

coming from right

look at interventricular septum

39
Q

V3 and V4

A

lateral aspect

40
Q

3 types of syncope

A

reflex syncope
orthostatic hypotension
cardiac syncope

41
Q

physiological role of troponin I

A

binds to actin to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place

Cardio (16 decks)

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