cardiac arrhythmias

Question 1

supraventricular arrhythmias

Answer 1

AF
Atrial flutter
ectopic atrial tachycardia
sinus bradycardia

Question 2

ventricular arrhythmias

Answer 2

premature ventricular complexes
ventricular tachycardia
ventricular fibrillation

Question 3

automaticity abnormalities

Answer 3

arise from a single cell

Question 4

abnormalities of conduction

Answer 4

abnormal interaction between cells

Question 5

bundle branch conduction delay on ECG

Answer 5

slightly widening of QRS

incomplete bundle branch block

Question 6

right bundle branch block

Answer 6

produced late activation of right ventricle

deep S waves (leads I and V6), tall late R wave (lead V1)

Question 7

left bundle branch block

Answer 7

deep S wave (V1) and tall late R wave (leads I and V6)

also abnormal QRS

Question 8

left anterior hemiblock

Answer 8

occurs when a cardiac impulse spreads first through the left posterior fascicle, causing a delay in activation of the anterior and upper parts of the LV

Question 9

clinical features of heart block

Answer 9

usually asymptomatic
RBBB- wide but physiological splitting of the second heart sound
LBBB- reverse splitting of the second sound

Question 10

sinus tachycardia

Answer 10

P wave morphology similar to sinus rhythm

Question 11

AVNRT

Answer 11

No visibly P wave, or inverted P wave immediately before or after the QRS
most common cause of palpation in patients with normal heart

Question 12

AVRT

Answer 12

P wave visible between QRS and T wave

Question 13

AF clinical findings

Answer 13

palpations
chest pain 
dyspnoea 
deterioration of exercise capacity
dizzy/faint 
'irregularly irregular' pulse

Question 14

AF finding on ECG

Answer 14

no P waves
irregularly irregular rate
f waves

Question 15

Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome

Answer 15

caused by a congenital accessory conducting pathway between the atria and ventricles leading to a atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia (AVRT)