Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CNS > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

which system has the higher gain(correction/error), the endocrine or the nervous system

A

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

true or false

the sensory receptors act as transducers

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

true or false

most of neurons are interneurons

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what type of receptors are found around the joint ?

A

kinesthetic receptors(proprioceptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the thalamus is the relay station for almost all sensations except ?

A

olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what circuits are found in the spinal cord ?

A

1) walking circuits
2) withdrawal circuit
3) antigravity circuits
4) circuits for reflex control of organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

true or false

dendrites have low density of sodium voltage gated channels

A

true, therefore they have high resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which section of a neuron has the highest sodium channel density?

A

the axon hillock ( note: it is unmyelinated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

anterior motor neuron can have 3 types of synapses which are ?

A

axoaxonic , axodendritic, axosomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe Meissner’s corpuscle receptors?

A

1)Ab fibers 2)rapidly adapting 3)detect light touch 4)found on non non-hairy(glabrous) skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe Merkel’s discs receptors

A

1)found on both hairy and non-hairy skin 2)detects touch 3)slowly adapting (detects steady state) 4)Ab fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe Pacinian corpuscle

A

1)very rapidly adapting 2)Ab fibers 3)detect rapid stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

rapidly adapting vs slow adapting

A

rapidly adapting: 1) Meissner’s corpuscle 2) Hair end organ 3)Pacinian corpuscle
slowly adapting: 1)Merkle’s disc 2)Ruffini’s end organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Iggo dome receptors are ?

A

a group of Merkel’s discs group together under the epithelium of hairy skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

medial leminiscal system has high ——- ,——– and ——-

A

spatial orientation, spatial fidelity and temporal fidelity

note: it is well localized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system conveys nerve impulses for ?

A

1) fine touch and fine pressure
2) vibrations and weight discriminations
3) 2 point discrimination
4) Stereognosis
5) conscious proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe,
the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

A

central sulcus
lateral fissure
parietooccipital notch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the mapping in S1 ?

A

upside down and contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Size of the cortical region representing a body part depends on ?

A

the density of the receptors in that area

the sensory impulses received from that part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

true or false

the ALST system has a low degree of spatial and temporal orientation

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which pathway is responsible for the itch, tickle and sexual sensations

A

ALST pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

compare the intensity gradation, modality and the repetitive stimuli in DRML and ALST pathways

A

the intensity gradation is better in dorsal column
the repetitive stimuli is only found in the dorsal column
ALST has broad modality while the dorsal column only has 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the function of different layers of the cortex

A

layer 4: the signal enters and is distributed upward and downward
layer 1 and 2 : receive input from lower brain centers
layer 2 and 3 : send axons to closely related portion of the cortex presumably for communicating between similar areas
layer 5: send axons to the brain stem and spinal cord
layer 6 send axons to the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

true or false

destruction of S1 lead to many things including astereognosis

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

somatic association area receives its input from

A

s1, ventrobasal nuclei of the thalamus, auditory and visual cortex
note: its main function is to decipher sensory meaning ( forming 3D position of the sensation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

loss of what area causes Amorphosynthesis ?

A

somatic association area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

true or false
if there is a damage of postcentral gyrus still person can feel pain and temperature but very little regarding tactile sensations.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

corticofugal fibers?

A

These fibers are inhibitory, they can suppress the sensory input (negative feedback).
• Function to decrease the spread of a signal and sharpen the degree of contrast and adjust the sensitivity of the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what codes for the intensity of the signal ?

A

1) number of receptors activated

2) number of impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the “power law” ?

A

the stronger the stimulus the higher the number of impulses.

note: the power law doesn’t hold at very strong or week stimuli, the highest sensitivity is in the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

which type of pain aggravates and summates

A

slow pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

true or false

substance p and prostaglandins stimulate pain receptors

A

false

they increase the sensitivity for pain by decreasing the pain threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

which drug can act as an anesthetic

A

NSAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

true or false pain receptors are non adapting

A

true

note : all pain receptors have a free nerve end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

true or false

most people feel pain at a temp of 49 degrees Celsius

A

false, 45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the fast pain is conducted through the ————- while the slow pain is conducted through the —————-

A

neospinothalamic tract, paleospinothalamic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

which type of pain has less synaptic delay ?

A

fast pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

true or false

both slow and fast pain travel through the intralaminar nuclei

A

false, only slow pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

why is the cerebral cortex imp when the thalamus itself can feel pain

A

it is vey imp for the localization of pain and to determine the quality of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

true or false
Fast-sharp pain can be localized well. However, fast pain fibers must be stimulated with other tactile receptors for the pain to be highly localized.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

the termination of each of the neospinothalamic system and the paleospinothalamic system

A

neospinothalamic system :1)25% of cases in the reticular nuclei
2)ventrobasal nuclei of the thalamus

paleospinothalamic :1)10-25% in the thalamus (intralaminal nucleus and ventrobasal nuclei)

2) reticular nuclei (activating the reticular activation system)
3) tectum
4) periaqueductal gray region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

true or false
the reason why slow pain fibers are poorly localized is due to very little amount of fibers reaching the cerebral cortex

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

in the endogenous analgesia system , the periaqueductal gray are sends axons to ?

A

raphe magnus and paragigantocellularus nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the endogenous opiates are ?

A

1) enkephalins (met-enkephalin , leu-enkephalin )
2) dynorphin
3) endorphin, beta-endorphin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

where are each of enkephalin , dynorphin, endorphin ?

A

enkephalin and dynorphin : in the brain stem and the spinal cord
beta-endorphin :in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

true or false
people have difference pain tolerance threshold due to tonically active inhibitory neuron which get inhibited itself by a collateral from the afferent neuron if the pain is too strong (The activity of these tonically active inhibitory neurons differs from one person to
another.)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the pain from the kidney is referred to?

A

the loin(lower back)

48
Q

true or false

visceral pain is considered slow and it can summate

A

true
note: visceral organ have only a few sensory receptors therefore localized damage will result in weak pain while widespread damage will result in strong pain

49
Q

localization of visceral pain in the heart, stomach, colon, appendix, kidney, gallbladder and liver , ureter

A

heart :pain in the neck , sternum left shoulder and the left arm
stomach: region above the umbilicus
colon: region below the umbilicus
appendix: the umbilicus and it spreads to the lower right quadrant
kidney :loin
gallbladder and liver: pain in the right shoulder and many other places
ureter: genitalia

50
Q

true or false

we have more warm receptors than cold receptors

A

false, its the opposite

note: cold receptors have the same distribution as tactile receptors(highest on the lips)

51
Q

what are the 4 thermal receptors?

A

1) warm 2)cold 3)freezing cold 4)burning hot

note: thermal receptors adapt but not completely

52
Q

vitreous humor is derived from ?

A

embryonic mesenchyme

53
Q

the aqueous humor exit pathway

A

through the canal of schlemm then to the aqueous veins then to extraocular veins

54
Q

a damage to the optic nerve caused by an increase in the intra-optical pressure is known as

A

glaucoma

55
Q

the center of the retina is called

A

macula lutea

56
Q

the most superficial vessels in our body are ?

A

the retinal vessels

57
Q

retinal detachment is due to?

A

a trauma causing the vitreous humor (which normally presses the retina against the choroid) to enter between the retina and the choroid causing them to separate ; this might lead to blindness( if not treated which 48 hours)

58
Q

refractive index is ?

A

speed of light in air/ speed of light in substance ; must always be equal to or higher than 1

59
Q

what is the difference between a cylindrical lens and a spherical lens

A

a cylindrical lens forms a focal LINE while a spherical lens forms a focal point

60
Q

what is the difference between a cylindrical lens and a spherical lens

A

a cylindrical lens forms a focal LINE while a spherical lens forms a focal POINT

61
Q

Diopter equals?

A

1/ the focal length in METERS

62
Q

true or false

more convexity = shorter focal length = more power by the equation

A

true

63
Q

the focal length of the retina is ?

the refractive power needed is ?

A

17 mm, 59 Diopter

**note: most of the refractive power of eye comes from the CORNEA ( 42 Diopter)

64
Q

define the near point of vision

A

the minimum distance from the eye an object can be clearly focused with maximum accommodation used

65
Q

true or false

because our lens is convex the image will be focused upside down on the retina

A

true

66
Q

eye conditions

A

presbyopia : degeneration of the lens proteins associated with aging; decrease in accommodation
myopia :near sightedness
hyperopia (hypermetropia): far sightedness
astigmatism: can cause blurriness and double vision, treated by using cylindrical lenses
cataract :cloudiness of the lens dur to denatured proteins

67
Q

near sightedness vs far sightedness

A

go back to sheet 3 page 10

68
Q

true or false

A person can normally distinguish 2 separate points if they lie at least 2* micrometers apart on the retina

A

true

note: the angle between the lines will be 25/3600 degrees
eg: to barley distinguish 2 point they need to be at least 1.5-2 mm apart (if the distance was 10 meters)

69
Q

what a person with a lowered acuity needs is ?

A

biconcave lenses to diverge the light from the 2 points

70
Q

true or false

the vitamin A derivative is stored in pigmented form in the rods and the cones only

A

false, also in the pigmented layer

71
Q

what are the layer of the retina

A

a) pigmented layer
b) neural retina:(7 layers)
1) photoreceptor layer
2) outer nuclear layer
3) outer plexiform layer(outer synaptic layer)
4) inner nuclear layer (bipolar layer)
5) inner plexiform layer (inner synaptic layer)
6) ganglionic nuclei layer
7) optic nerve (nerve fiber layer)

72
Q

rods are sensitive to what type of light ?

A

scattered light , while cones are sensitive to direct axial light

73
Q

compare the amplification the visual acuity , the response time and the photopigment in rods and cones

A

amplification : high in rods, low in cons
visual acuity :low in rods, high in cons
response time: slow in rods(long integration time ) , fast in cones( short integration time)
photopigment: high in rods, low in cones

74
Q

the opsin in rods is called

the opsin in cones is called

A

scotopsin

photopsin

75
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that converts trans retinal back to cis retinal

A

retinal isomerase

76
Q

true or false

light simulant causes depolarization

A

false, it causes hyperpolarization which inhibits the secretion of glutamate

note: light leads to conversion of cis retinal to trans retinal which leads to activating rhodopsin which intern activates the G-protein transducin which activates cGMP phosphodiesterase which closes the cGMP activated sodium channels leading to the hyperpolarization

77
Q

what enzyme deactivates activated rhodopsin

A

rhodopsin kinase

78
Q

is glutamate (neurotransmitter )inhibitory or excitatory ?

A

inhibitory

79
Q

very important
true or false
Receptor cells and bipolar cells respond by local potentials (receptor potential) either EPSP or IPSP not action potential.

A

true

  • *note: The only type of cells that respond by action potential in the eye is the ganglionic
    cells. (and some amacrine cells)
80
Q

Synaptic after potential ?

A

receptor potential continues to activate ganglionic cells for more time than the time for a single pulse light.

81
Q

true or false

Receptor potential is proportional to the logarithm of the light intensity

A

true

82
Q

true or false

no intake of vit A for 4 months causes Vit A deficiency

A

false, 6 months

note: rods will be more affected by the vit A deficiency due to their large numbers.

83
Q

true or false

sensitivity is directly proportional to the amount of pigment

A

true

84
Q

true or false

color blindness is more common in females

A

false, it is an X linked disease therefore it is more common in males.
note: blue color blindness is rare(autosomal recessive inheritance)

85
Q

lack of red cones is known as

lack of green cones is known as

A

protanope

deuteranope

86
Q

what is the function of horizontal and amacrine cells ?

A

lateral inhibition to increase the sharpness

87
Q

what are the 3 different types of ganglionic cells

A 
W cells (directional movement, rods)
X cells (small receptive field , image , color, cones discrete retinal location)
Y cells ( large receptive field, instantaneous movement)
88
Q

true or false

ganglionic cells are spontaneously active

A

true

89
Q

true or false

right side of visual field goes to the RIGHT visual cortex

A

false, left visual cortex

90
Q

what is bitemporal hemianopsia ?

A

tunnel vision due to damage to the optic chiasm

91
Q

the visual tract can end in

A

1) visual cortex in the occipital lobe ( they will pass as optic radiation )
2) suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
3) pretectal nuclei( Edinger Westphal nuclei)
4) ventral lateral geniculate nuclei
5) superior colliculus

92
Q

name the visual defects related to damage of the visual pathway ?

A

anopsia
bitemporal hemianopsia (heteronymous hemianopsia)
homonymous hemianopsia
upper quadrant anopsia (damage to the lower part of the optic radiation)
lower quadrant anopsia(damage to the upper part of the optic radiation, macula lutea sparing)

93
Q

papillary light reflex ?

A

pretectal nucleus is responsible for it ( parasympathetic nucleus) , we a direct and an indirect (consensual) reflex.

94
Q

the primary visual cortex is found in ?

A

It is located in the occipital lobe in the calcarine fissure region

95
Q

damage to the secondary visual cortex results in ?

A

word blindness

96
Q

separation of the signals is lost in which visual cortex

A

primary visual cortex

97
Q

sympathetic fibers originate from ?

A

intermediolateral horn cells of the superior

cervical ganglion

98
Q

true or false

the sound intensity level is proportional to the square of the SPL

A

true, SPL= sound pressure level

SPL= 20 log P1/Pr unit is decibel

99
Q

what is impedance matching

A

function of the tympanic membrane & the ossicular system is to match the resistance of sound wave movement in the air (low resistance) to the resistance of movement in the fluid (very high resistance)

100
Q

what is the attenuative reflex

A

it is when the tensor tympani muscle and the stapedius muscle contract to protect the middle ear from damage

note: attenuative reflex masks low frequency vibrations

101
Q

what is the name of the point where Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani connect

A

helicotrema

102
Q

spiral ganglion contains?

A

the nuclei of the cochlear nerve

103
Q

true or false
High frequency sound will vibrate the thick fibers close the oval window, whereas low frequency sound will vibrate the fibers close to the helicotrema, and moderate sound waves will vibrate the fibers in the middle.

A

true

104
Q

define the endocochlear potential ?

A

potentia

105
Q

what determines the intensity and the frequency of the sound perceived in the organ of corti

A

frequency: the location of the fibers stimulated

intensity : the number of fibers stimulated

106
Q

true or false

We can hear sounds between 0 to 120 dB

A

true

107
Q

true or false
when the auditory cortex at one side gets
damaged, the patient will not have unilateral
deafness, because the other cortex receives input
from both sides

A

true

108
Q

word deafness occurs due to?

A

damage to the secondary auditory cortex

109
Q

how do we determine the direction of the sound?

A

1)the lateral nuclei of the superior olivary nucleus is able to discriminate where the sound came from, depending on the intensity of sound coming from each side.
medial nuclei of the superior olivary nucleus determines it by the time lag

110
Q

what are the 2 types of deafness

A

1) nerve deafness

2) conduction deafness (can occur due to Auto sclerosis )

111
Q

The utricle & saccule have receptors that are concerned with

A

linear acceleration

112
Q

true or false
The type of receptor protein in the taste bud determines the type of taste that will be
perceived.

A

true

113
Q

true or false

the bipolar cells of the olfactory sensation can be regenerated every 45-60/30-45 days

A

true

114
Q

what is a glomerulus

A

it is when the bipolar cells synapse with the mitral cells

note: Sometimes each glomerulus is specialized for a
certain sensation

115
Q

true or false

the olfactory system adapts rapidly however the olfactory receptors adapt slowly

A

true

CNS (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions