pathology

Question 1

true or false

red neuron occurs after 12-24 hours of reversible neuron damage

Answer 1

false, Irreversible

Question 2

which neuroglial cells are the most abundant

Answer 2

astrocytes

Question 3

true or false

blood derived macrophages can be found at the site of inflammation in CNS

Answer 3

true

note: microglial cells can congregate and cause neuronophagia

Question 4

true or false

Chronic neuronal injury usually affects structurally related neurons

Answer 4

false, not structurally but functionally

Question 5

when a schwannoma affects the 8 cranial nerve it is known as ?

Answer 5

acoustic neuroma, vestibular schwannoma

Question 6

true or false

familial schwannoma are usually multiple

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what causes hypertrophic neuropathy

Answer 7

repeated demyelination- re-myelination cycles, this will cause increased number of Schwann cells that encircle the axon

Question 8

true or false

80-90% of neuropathies are due to segmental demyelination

Answer 8

false, due to axonal degeneration

Question 9

The most common cause of generalized peripheral

neuropathy is

Answer 9

diabetic neuropathy

Question 10

is AGE formed enzymatically or non enzymatically ?

Answer 10

non enzymatically , glucose precursors are added to

Question 11

RAGE receptors are found on ?

Answer 11

endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells , macrophages, T lymphocytes

Question 12

AGE-RAGE interaction can cause

Answer 12

microangiopathy

Question 13

what does the CSF fluid of GILLIUN BARRE SYNDROME PATIENTS CONTAIN ?

Answer 13

high protein and low WBC

Question 14

define fisher syndrome

Answer 14

a patient with Gillian bare syndrome with ataxia, ophthalmoplegia , areflexia

Question 15

multiple sclerosis is defined as

Answer 15

episodes of neurologic deficits which are separated in time with white matter lesions which are separated in space

Question 16

true or false

the onset of symptoms in the MS is usually due to an environmental stimulus ex: viral infection

Answer 16

true

Question 17

these white matter plaques are found in

Answer 17

the spinal cord , the cerebellum , the ventricles, optic nerve and chiasm, brain stem

Question 18

the hyponatremia should be corrected at a rate of ?

Answer 18

8-12 mmol/L of sodium per day

Question 19

true or false

patients with locked in syndrome have dorsal pon damage

Answer 19

false, ventral pon damage

Question 20

true or false
The brain receives the same amount of blood ( brain blood flow is constant ) if the mean arterial pressure is between 50 - 160 mm Hg.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

which cells are the most susceptible to global ischemic hypoxia

Answer 21

the pyramidal cells of

hippocampus and neocortex + Purkinje cells of the cerebellum

Question 22

the main cause of brain edema is ?

Answer 22

hypoxia and ischemia

Question 23

Charcot- Bouchard micro aneurysms can form due to

Answer 23

primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage

Question 24

what causes lobar hemorrhage

Answer 24

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

note: we use Congo red stain to monitor the amyloid

Question 25

ruptured aneurysms mainly cause what type of hemorrhage

Answer 25

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 26

AV malformation is more common in ?

Answer 26

males

Question 27

true or false

both coup and counter coup injury are considered contusions

Answer 27

true

Question 28

true or false

Superficial aspects of cortex affected more ( contrary to ischemic injury)

Answer 28

true

Question 29

the most common cause of intra parenchymal hemorrhage is

Answer 29

spontaneous hemorrhage due to hypertension