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CNS > physeo final > Flashcards

physeo final Flashcards

1
Q

what are the tracks the go from the cortex to the cerebellum

A

the cortico-Ponto-cerebellar tracts
the cortico-reticulo-cerebellar tracts
the cortico-olivary-cerebellar tracts

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2
Q

true or false

the same fiber can be used for more than one function in the spinal cord

A

true

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3
Q 
true or false
the spinal cord motor system has a very
organized structure that if one area is
destroyed, one muscle might be
affected only
A

true

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4
Q

what is the origin of each of the lateral and medial reticulospinal tracts

A

LRS: medulla oblingata
MRS: pons

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5
Q

true or false

motor neurons are 50 - 100 % bigger than other neurons.

A

true

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6
Q

what are the proprioceptors

A

travel up and down the cord for 1 - 2 segments, provide pathways for multisegmental reflexes.

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7
Q

true or false

Regarding after discharge, crossed extensor reflex have longer after discharge than flexor (withdrawal) reflex

A

true

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8
Q

true or false

the utricle and the saccule are important for static head tilt+ linear acceleration

A

true

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9
Q

true or false

the saccule and the utricle don’t provide info about when the person is moving in a constant speed

A

true

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10
Q

true or false
that is in each macula, each of the hair cells is
oriented in a different direction

A

true

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11
Q

true or false

the semicircular canals have a predictive function

A

true

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12
Q

true or false
Magnocellular portion of the red nucleus has somatotopic organization similar to primary motor
cortex

A

true

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13
Q

true or false

the basal ganglia doesn’t send ascending or descending fibers

A

true

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14
Q

what is the role of the caudate nucleus

A

cognitive control of motor function

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15
Q

what are the afferent fibers of the striatum

A

1) pars compacta
2) cerebral cortex
3) raphe magnus
4) Centro medial nucleus of the thalamus

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16
Q

what are the efferent fibers of the striatum

A

1) pars RETICULATA
2) Globus pallidus

al efferent are inhibitory

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17
Q

true or false

the Globus pallidum has a very high basal rate of firing

A

true

note: a problem in the Globus pallidus will cause a rigidity the FLEXORS mainly

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18
Q

lesions of the BG

A 
in the Globus pallidus: Athetosis
putamen : chorea
caudate + putamen :Huntington's chorea
substania nigra : Parkinson's
subthalamus : hemiballismus or Balismus
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19
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

coordination, sequencing, monitoring and comparison

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20
Q

true or false

the ventral cerebrospinal tract has an ipsilateral tract

A

false, it has a bilateral tract

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21
Q

true or false

Dentate nucleus has cognitive function due to its communication with association areas of the cerebral cortex.

A

true

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22
Q

which fibers cause a complex spike the climbing fibers or the mossy fibers

A

the climbing fibers

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23
Q

what is the meaning of a turn on /off function

A

At the beginning of motion: cerebellum contributes to the rapid turn-on signals for agonist muscles and turn-off of antagonist.
At the end of motion: it does the opposite sequence of signals, so the agonist muscle will be inhibited, and the antagonist muscle will be excited.

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24
Q

true or false
Learning usually causes anatomical changes, but it may also cause functional changes
(membrane proteins, neurotransmitters).

A

true

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25
Q

olivary complex receives afferent neurons from

A

corticospinal tract and motor centers of the brain stem, and sensory information from muscles and surrounding tissue (from large tactile receptors)

function: important for learning as they change the sensitivity of Purkinje fibers to mossy fibers
they also compares intent with actual function, if a mismatch occurs, output to cerebellum through climbing fibers is altered to correct mismatch (usually there is a mismatch), correction output will go to the thalamus then to the cortex, the cortex will produce a
corrected command.

26
Q

describe the SMA

A

it has a coarse organization, causes BILATERAL movement. leads to wide attitudinal movement, fixational movement and positional movement

27
Q

what are the specialized area’s of the motor cortex?

A

Broca’s area
eye fixation and head rotation area
hand skills area

28
Q

true or false

the indirect pathway (extrapyramidal tract) signals to basal ganglia, cerebellum and brainstem nuclei.

A

true

29
Q

lesion of the basal ganglia will cause?

A

muscle spasticity due to loss of inhibition

30
Q

which area is responsible for motivation , behavior and emotions

A

limbic association area

31
Q

prefrontal association area’s are responsible for?

A

1) planning complex movements
2) elaboration of thoughts
3) personality

32
Q

damage to what area causes prosopagnosia

A

Area for recognition of faces and naming of objects

33
Q

true or false

damage to Wernicke’s are can cause dementia

A

true, as it has a role in memory

34
Q

true or false

right side hemiplegia is more likely to be associated with aphasia than left side hemiplegia

A

true

35
Q

true or false

dominance is due to handedness

A

false, it is due to lateralization of the

cerebral cortex.

36
Q

what are the functions of the lateral prefrontal area and the lateral , ventral temporal lobe

A

lateral prefrontal area: understanding languages and analysis of words
lateral and ventral temporal area: coordinate and visual and the auditory aspects of language

37
Q

damage to what area causes inability to keep tract of simultaneous bits of information, easily distracted.

A

prefrontal association area’s

38
Q

difference between word blindness and sensory aphasia

A

go back to page 11 of the sheet

39
Q

what happens in the split brain phenomena

A

only the dominant hemisphere could understand the spoken word, whereas the non-dominant hemisphere could understand only the written word but not the spoken word*

40
Q

learning ?

A

results from the change in the capability of synaptic transmission from neuron to neuron as a result of prior stimulation.

41
Q

immediate memory results from?

A

synaptic potentiation through the accumulation

of calcium in the presynaptic membrane, which promotes neurotransmitter release.

42
Q

habituation is ?

A

a progressive decline in sensitivity.

43
Q

to form the memory trace ?

A

associative effect of stimulating the facilitator terminal at the same time that the sensory terminal is stimulated

44
Q

true or false

in permanent anatomical change in long term memory , the number of neurons may increase

A

false, the number of synapses or the number of spikes may change

note: the number of synapses and spikes increase due to synthesis of new proteins ( permanent functional change).

45
Q

consolidation of memory occurs through ?

A

rehearsal and filling of info

46
Q

true or false

immediate memory requires registration

A

false, it doesn’t

47
Q

damage to the thalamus causes ?

A

retrograde amnesia , the inability to recall stored

experiences from the recent past events

48
Q

what are the fibers that can activate the bulbo reticular tract?

A

ascending :ALS , DCML

descending : corticospinal

49
Q

what is the name of the area that can inhibit the bulbo reticular tract?

A

reticular inhibitory area ; found in the medulla

50
Q

what are the neurotransmitter of excitatory and inhibitory area’s

A

bulbo reticular :ACH
locus coeruleus : norepinephrine
raphe magnus: serotonin
substantia nigra: dopamine

51
Q

true or false

the blood level serotonin is lower during sleep

A

true

52
Q

what stimulation can cause sleep

A

raphe magnus
solitary tract
suprachiasmatic area of the rostral hypothalamus
diffuse thalamic nuclei: : muramyl peptide

53
Q

function of REM-sleep

A

neural and CNS development, can be involved in memory consolidation

54
Q

true or false

NON-REM sleep is associated with cortical activation and metabolism

A

false, REM sleep
note: both in rem and non rem there will decrease in HR and RS however in REM sleep the HR and RS are irregular (they increase and decrease)

55
Q

in which type of sleep is muscle tone more inhibited?

A

in REM sleep, so it is difficult

to arouse by sensory stimulation.

56
Q

very important
true or false
locus coeruleus is excitatory and important in REM sleep

A

true

57
Q

describe the 4 waves of the EEG

A

alpha: during resting state, disappears when performing a specific activity or during sleep
beta: intense mental activity and stress, REM sleep
theta: during emotional status in adults( depression , frustration, disappointment)
delta: during deep sleep

58
Q

true or false

non rem sleep is non-synchronized while rem sleep is synchronized

A

false, it’s the opposite

59
Q

what re the 4 stages of non rem sleep

A

stage 1 : easy arousal , alpha waves
stage 2: irregular EGG pattern with sleep spindles, arousal is difficult
stage 3: theta and delta waves, dreams are common but cant be remembered
stage 4 : delta waves , arousal is even more difficult

60
Q

what does it mean when a person is shifting

A

that he is in the non-rem sleep

CNS (11 decks)

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