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MB2 Rheumatology and Orthopaedics > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

physiological functions of skeletal muscle?

A 
purposeful movement 
metabolism 
heat production 
posture maintenance 
respiratory movement
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2
Q

what causes the striation in skeletal muscle

A

dark myosin filaments

light actin filaments

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3
Q

what nervous system innervates skeletal muscles and what control are they under

A

somatic

voluntary

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4
Q

what is a motor unit

A

single alpha motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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5
Q

true/false - muscles doing finer tasks have more muscles per motor unit

A

false - they have less

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6
Q

what is a myofibril

A

part of skeletal muscle cell containing actin and myosin filaments arranged into sarcomeres

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7
Q

what is the Z line

A

line connecting two sarcomeres

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8
Q

what is the A band

A

thick myosin filaments with strands of actin filaments overlapping

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9
Q

what is the H zone

A

middle of A band where actin filaments do not reach

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10
Q

what is the M line

A

runs down middle of A band within centre of H zone

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11
Q

what is the I band

A

remaining portion of actin filaments that do not project into the A band

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12
Q

during skeletal muscle contraction, when is ATP required?

A

during contraction and relaxation of the myosin cross bridge

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13
Q

describe the events of skeletal muscle contraction within the sarcomere

A

AP is carried down T tubules and causes calcium release
calcium binds to tropomyosin to expose myosin cross bridge binding site. myosin cross bridge binds after ATP phosphorylation and contracts
AP disappears, calcium reuptake by SR and tropomyosin covers binding site. cross bridge detaches

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14
Q

what are the 2 factors skeletal muscle tension are dependent on

A

tension developed by each contracting fibre

number of muscle fibres contracting

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15
Q

what is motor unit recruitment

A

stronger contraction achieved by stimulation of many motor units

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16
Q

true/false - the more APs to a muscle, the stronger the contraction

A

true

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17
Q

what is tetanus (physiologically)

A

maximal sustained contraction without rest

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18
Q

maximal tetanic contraction is achieved when muscle is ___

A

at optimal length

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19
Q

what is isotonic contraction and examples

A

muscle tension is constant but length varies

body movement and moving objects

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20
Q

what is isometric contraction and examples

A

tension varies but length remains constant

posture, supporting objects in a fixed position

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21
Q

state the 3 main differences in skeletal muscles

A

enzyme pathways for ATP synthesis
activity of myosin ATPase
resistance to fatigue

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22
Q

describe slow oxidative muscle fibres and examples

A

low work, aerobic activities

posture maintenance, walking

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23
Q

describe fast oxidative muscle fibres and examples

A

aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, prolonged moderate work

jogging

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24
Q

describe fast glycolic muscle fibres and examples

A

anaerobic metabolism for short term, high intensity activities
jumping

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25
Q

describe the stretch reflex arc

A

muscle spindle activated by stretch
afferent neuron firing increased, synapse in cord
alpha motor neuron innervate stretched muscle to contract

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26
Q

what is a muscle spindle

A

sensory receptor for stretch reflex

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27
Q

what is an intrafusal fibre

A

muscle spindle

28
Q

what is an extrafusal fibre

A

ordinary muscle fibres

29
Q

what do gamma motor neurons do

A

adjust tension within the muscle spindle as the muscle itself contracts

30
Q

what muscle and tendon is activated in the knee-jerk reflex

A

patellar tendon

contraction of quadriceps femoris

31
Q

describe cartilagenous joint and examples

A

limited movement, united by cartilage

IV discs, pubic symphesis, costochondral joints, part of sacroiliac joint

32
Q

describe fibrous joint and attachment

A

fibrous tissue, no movement

fissures in skull

33
Q

what is the synovial membrane and what makes it up

A

inner aspect of fibrous capsule

vascular connective tissue and synovial cells producing synovial fluid

34
Q

what is a simple synovial joint

A

one pair of articular surfaces

35
Q

what is a complex synovial joint

A

more than one pair of articular surfaces

36
Q

how does a joint remain stable

A

shape of joint
ligaments
synovial fluid

37
Q

functions of synovial fluid

A 
lubricates joint 
facilitates joint movement 
minimise wear/tear
nutrition of articular cartilage 
supplies chondrocytes with o2 and nutrients and removes co2 and waste
38
Q

true/false - synovial fluid is a static pool

A

false

39
Q

true/false - rapid joint movement decreases fluid viscosity and increases elasticity

A

true

40
Q

true/false - synovial fluid is rich in WBC

A

false - unless there is an inflammatory process or septic arthritis

41
Q

what type of cartilage is articular cartilage

A

usually hyaline

42
Q

describe layers of cartilage

A

articular surface with shallow superficial zone, deeper middle and deep zone

43
Q

what is the ECM made up of in articular cartilage

A

mainly water
type II collagen
proteoglycan

44
Q

true/false- water in ECM is evenly distributed

A

false

45
Q

what maintains ECM

A

chondrocytes

46
Q

what does collagen do in ECM

A

stiffness/stength

47
Q

what does proteoglycan do in ECM

A

compressive properties

48
Q

artricular cartilage is vascular/avascular

A

avascular - receives nutrient by synovial fluid

49
Q

describe the balance of synthesis/degradation in normal and pathological joints

A

synthesis/degradation should be balanced, degradation exceeds synthesis in pathology

50
Q

anabolic factors for cartilage matrix turnover

A

stimulates proteoglycan synthesis
TGF-B
IGF-1

51
Q

catabolic factors for cartilage matrix turnover

A

inhibits proteoglycan synthesis
TNFa
IL-1

52
Q

define pain

A

unpleasant sensory or emotional experience, associated with actual tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

53
Q

describe the 4 physiological steps of pain processing

A

transduction of stimulant to nociceptor
transmission through CNS
modulation in nervous system
perception

54
Q

describe nociceptor activation and what it does

A

sense noxious stimulus and run through afferent 1st order neuron to CNS
synapse with 2nd order in spinal cord to carry to thalmus
relay to thrid order to carry to primary sensory cortex

55
Q

what is the function of the spinothalmic tract

A

pain perception

56
Q

what is the function of the spinoreticular tract

A

response to pain, arousal, emotional response

57
Q

what are Agamma fibres

A

thin myelinated nociceptor subtype to carry pain quickly

only mechanical and thermal

58
Q

what are C fibres

A

unmyelinated nociceptor subtype mediating slower pain to all noxious stimuli

59
Q

describe nociceptive pain

A

normal response to tissue injury
pain is adaptive
early warning

60
Q

describe inflammatory pain

A

activation of immune system due to tissue injury/infection
heightened pain sensitivity and sensitivity to innoculous stimuli
adaptive
discourage movement

61
Q

what is allodynia

A

heightened sensitivity to non-noxious stimuli

62
Q

what is hyperalgesia

A

heightened pain sensitivity

63
Q

describe neuropathic pain

A

pain due to neural tissue damage
simple analgesia not enough, pain is maladaptive
manage antidepressants/antiepileptics
neuropathies, phantom limb, central pain

64
Q

describe dysfunctional pain

A 
no identifyable damage/inflammation 
IBS, tension headache
not fully understood
simple analgesia not enough, pain is maladaptive 
manage antidepressants/antiepileptics
65
Q

describe referred pain

A

pain felt in body not related to cause

convergence of nociceptive visceral/skin afferents on same spinal level

MB2 Rheumatology and Orthopaedics (22 decks)

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