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My2 Ophthalmology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does CSF look like and what is it mainly made of?

A

clear and colourless, mainly water

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2
Q

large amounts of what in the CSF can indicate pathology

A

protein, blood etc

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3
Q

where is CSF formed and by what cells

A

produced by choroidal cells of choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles

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4
Q

where is CSF absorbed intp

A

venous circulation

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5
Q

what are the 3 main functions of CSF

A

1) mechanical protection and shock absorption 2) homeostatic function eg pH and hormones 3) circulation and minor exchange of nutrients and waste eg supplies water, amino acids

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6
Q

what is CSF analysis used for and how would you obtain a sample

A

for diagnosis of brain, meninges and spinal cord - obtain via lumbar puncture

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7
Q

in embryology, what does the CNS arise from

A

neural canal (week 3)

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8
Q

in embryology, where does the choroid plexus develop from

A

walls of ventricles

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9
Q

what is the choroid plexus made of and where are they found

A

made of ependymal cells and capillaries - found in the 4 ventricles of the brain

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10
Q

what is transported in the CSF

A

Na, Cl and HCO3

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11
Q

describe the circulation of CSF (6)

A

formed in choroid plexus of lateral ventricles –> flows to 3rd ventricle via inter-ventricular foramina –> 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct –> subarachnoid space –> circulates spinal canal –> absorbed via arachnoid granulations to venous blood

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12
Q

what is the function of the blood brain barrier

A

prevent toxins and infection entering the brain

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13
Q

what are 3 tumours that can arise from the ventricles, choroid plexus and CSF

A

colloid cysts (inter-ventricular foramen) / ependymomas (ependymal cells of choroid plexus) / choroid plexus tumours

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14
Q

what are 3 types of haemorrhage that can occur in the ventricles, choroid plexus and CSF

A

epidural (between skull and dura) / subdural (venous bleed between dura and arachnoid) / subarachnoid haemorrhage

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15
Q

what is hydrocephalus and what does it cause

A

accumulation of CSF in ventricular system or around the brain - causes and increased CSF pressure and swelling

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16
Q

what is idiopathic inter-cranial hypertension

A

increased CSF pressure but no imaging of hydrocephalus

17
Q

what is papilloedema

A

optic disc swelling transmitted to subarachnoid space around optic nerve from raised ICP

18
Q

what is aqueous humour

A

specialised fluid in anterior chamber that provides oxygen and metabolites for vascular components of the eye

19
Q

what secretes aqueous humour

A

epithelial later of ciliary body

20
Q

what drains aqueous humour

A

scleral venous sinus at iridocorneal angle

21
Q

what 4 things are required for vision

A

pattern of object what fall onto photoreceptors in retina / light regulation / energy transduction/ reception of electrical signals by brain

22
Q

what is the pathway light follows from the retina to the optic nerve

A

hits photoreceptor –> bipolar cells –> ganglion cells –> CNII

23
Q

what do does the retina convert electromagnetic radiation into

A

neural signals

24
Q

what are the regions of the retina

A

outer segment, inner segment, cell body, synaptic terminal

25
Q

what is the dark current channel

A

opens in the dark where it is more permeable to Na and causes a depolarised membrane

26
Q

what happens to levels of glutamate in the eye in the light vs dark

A

more in dark, less in light

27
Q

what is visual acuity

A

ability to distinguish between 2 nearby similar points

28
Q

what determines visual acuity

A

photoreceptor spacing and refraction

29
Q

what types of photoreceptors do we have

A

rods and 3 types of cones

30
Q

what are there more of cones or rods and which are more sensitive to light

A

more rods which are more sensitive to light

31
Q

describe rods, convergence, spacing and visual acuity

A

high convergence, large spacing and decreased visual acuity

32
Q

describe rods ratio to ganglion

A

lots of rods to one ganglion

33
Q

where are rods found in the retina

A

periphery

34
Q

what are rods ‘good’ at seeing

A

in dim light

35
Q

describe cones: convergence, density, spacing and visual acuity

A

low convergence, high density, small spacing and high visual acuity

36
Q

describe cones ratio to ganglion

A

one cone to one ganglion (very detailed vision)

37
Q

where are cones found in the retina

A

in the fovea (central retina)

38
Q

what are cones ‘good at seeing’

A

colour

39
Q

what are the 3 types of cone and what colours do they see

A

short wave = blue / middle wave = green / long wave = red

My2 Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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