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My2 Ophthalmology > Anatomy: the orbit and the eye > Flashcards

Anatomy: the orbit and the eye Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye

A

outer fibrous layer, middle uvea layer (vascular), retinal photosensitive inner layer

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2
Q

what is in the fibrous layer of the eye

A

sclera and cornea

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3
Q

what is in the middle layer of the eye (uvea)

A

iris, ciliary body and choroid

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4
Q

what is in the inner layer of the eye (retina)

A

optic disc, macula, fovea

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5
Q

what is the anterior segment of the eye divided into and where is it

A

in front of the lens: anterior chamber between the cornea and iris/ posterior chamber: between iris and suspensory ligaments

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6
Q

where is the posterior segment of the eye and what does it contain

A

behind the lens - 2/3rds of the eye, contains vitreous body

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7
Q

what part of the eye secrete aqueous in the posterior chamber

A

smooth muscle and blood vessels of ciliary body

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8
Q

where does aqueous circulate and what is it’s function

A

circulates in posterior chamber and nourishes lens, then passes through pupil to anterior chamber and nourishes cornea

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9
Q

where is aqueous reabsorbed to

A

scleral venous sinus at iridocorneal angle (bottom of iris and sclera - glaucoma open vs closed angle)

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10
Q

describe the arterial blood supply to they eye

A

internal carotid –> opthalmic artery –> ciliary arteries

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11
Q

what is an end artery

A

an artery with insufficient anastomoses to maintain viability of tissue if occluded

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12
Q

what is the arterial/ venous supply to the retina and what type of artery/ vein are they

A

central artery/ vein of the retina - they are end arteries/ veins

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13
Q

what 3 veins does the eye orbit blood drain into? why is this known as the danger triangle)

A

superior ophthalmic vein, inferior ophthalmic vein and facial vein (anteriorly) - big circle of veins

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14
Q

what is the fundus of the retina and what 3 features does it contain

A

posterior area where light is focused: optic disc, macula and fovea

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15
Q

what does the optic disc contain and what does it cause in vision

A

CN II and only point of entry/ exit for blood vessels

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16
Q

what part of the eye has the greatest density of cones

A

macula

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17
Q

what part of the eye has the most accurate vision and where is it

A

fovea - centre of the macula

18
Q

what is the pathway light follows directly after it has hit the retina

A

(posterior –> ant) photoreceptors –> ganglion cells –> axons –> afferent optic nerves

19
Q

what can occlusion of a retinal vein/ artery branch lead to

A

ischeamia and loss of vision in a field

20
Q

what can occlusion of a retinal vein/ end artery lead to

A

monocular blindness (whole eye)

21
Q

how does light reach the occipital lobe from the retina

A

retina –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> lateral geniculate nucleus –> primary visual cortex in occipital lobe

22
Q

what 6 bones make up the eye orbit

A

orbital plate of ethmoid, orbital plate of maxilla, sphenoid, frontal bone, zygomatic, lacrimal

23
Q

which bones are most easily fractured in the orbit

A

plate of ethmoid and maxilla (posterior and inferior) - blowout fracture

24
Q

where is the supraorbital notch/ foramen and what is it for

A

frontal bone - for supraorbital nerve and ophthalmic CNV

25
Q

where is the infraorbital foramen and what is it for

A

maxilla - for infraorbital neurovascular bundle

26
Q

what muscle surrounds the eye and what is it’s innervation

A

orbicularis oculi - CNVII

27
Q

what is the only muscle responsible for raising the upper eyelid, what type of muscle is it and what is it’s innervation

A

levator palpebrae superioris - skeletal muscle (CN III)

28
Q

what muscle helps to keep the superior eyelid open, what type of muscle is it and what is it’s innervation

A

superior tarsus muscle AKA muller’s muscle - smooth muscle - sympathetic control

29
Q

where and what are tarsal./ meibomian glands

A

line the eyelids - produce oil that stops eyes tear film evaporating

30
Q

what is the function of the lacrimal gland, where is it and where does it drain to

A

secretes and aqueous tear film for the eye - washes over eye, drains into lacrimal sac (inferior and medial) then drains into nasolacrimal duct (nose)

31
Q

where is the lacrimal gland and what is it’s innervation

A

superolateral in frontal bone - lacrimal nerve which is a branch of the ophthalmic trigeminal nerve (CNV1)

32
Q

what are the 3 axis of eye movement of the eye and what do they do

A

vertical axis (left and right - abduct and adduct) / transverse axis (up and down - elevation and depression) / anteroposterior (intorsion and extorsion)

33
Q

name all the extraocular muscles and the 2 that dont have secondary movement

A

superior and inferior rectus, medial and lateral rectus (o secondary movement), superior and inferior oblique, (levator palpebra superiossis - eyelid)

34
Q

what innervation do the extraocular muscles have

A

lateral rectus CNVI (abducens), superior oblique CNIV (trochlear) and all others CNIII (occulomotor)

35
Q

what are the functions of the lateral and medial rectus

A

lateral abducts only to bring in line with the orbit - medial adducts to bring in line with superior oblique

36
Q

what position must the eye be in for superior and inferior rectus to elevate and depress the eye

A

abduction (lateral rectus)

37
Q

what position must the eye be in for superior and inferior oblique to depress and elevate the eye

A

adduction (medial rectus) - SO causes depression and IO causes elevation

38
Q

what does the superior oblique pass through to attach to the eye

A

trochlear loop of connective tissue

39
Q

where do all the rectus muscles attach from and ro

A

common tendonous ring/ annulus –> sclera

40
Q

where do the SO and IO attach from and to

A

SO from sphenoid –> sclera and IO from maxilla –> sclera

41
Q

what muscles are involved in pure elevation and depression of the eye

A

elevation: SR and IO / depression: IR and SO

42
Q

what way does the orbit face vs the eyes themself

A

orbit looks slightly laterally while eye looks straight ahead

My2 Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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