Microbiology

Question 1

what are symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 1

red eye, feels gritty, sticky discharge (lashes stuck together)

Question 2

what organism can cause bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates (worrying)

Answer 2

staph A, N gonorrhoea, chlamydia

Question 3

what organism can cause bacterial conjunctivitis in main population

Answer 3

Staph A, step pneumonia, haemi influenza

Question 4

what treatment is given for bacterial conjunctivitis with different organisms (3)

Answer 4

chloramphenicol / fusidic acid (staph) / getnamicin (gram -ives eg pseudomonas)

Question 5

what are symptoms of viral conjunctivitis

Answer 5

‘pink eye’, watery eye, skin rash around eye (H simplex), rash around face (H zoster)

Question 6

what viruses can cause viral conjunctivitis

Answer 6

adenovirus, herpes simplex, herpes zoster

Question 7

how do you treat viral conjunctivitis

Answer 7

acyclovir

Question 8

what are symptoms of chlamydial conjunctivitis

Answer 8

chronic history, unresponsive, bilateral conjunctivitis in young people, urethritis/ vaginitis, ‘grains of rice’ (papillae) on eyelids –> scarring

Question 9

how do you treat chlamydial conjunctivits

Answer 9

oxytetracycline (oral azithromycin if genitals)

Question 10

what is bacterial keratitis (with hypopyon)

Answer 10

bacterial infection of the cornea (with pus in ant compartment of the eye)

Question 11

what causes bacterial keratitis

Answer 11

usually from damage - sometimes spontaneous

Question 12

how do you manage bacterial keratitis

Answer 12

admit, eye drops, scrape eye, quinolone (ofloxacin)/ gent/ cefuroxime)

Question 13

who commonly gets acanthamoeba keratitis and what causes it

Answer 13

contact lenses - pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 14

how do you diagnose acanthamoeba keratitis

Answer 14

v painful eye, looks like halo, culture contact lenses

Question 15

what viruses often cause viral keratitis

Answer 15

herpes and adenovirus

Question 16

what can herpes cause in viral keratitis and how do you diagnose it

Answer 16

dendritic ulcers - fluorescein dye and looks like a tree (painful and recurrent)

Question 17

what can adenovirus cause in viral keratitis

Answer 17

bilateral, contagious and often after URTI

Question 18

how do you treat viral keratitis and what MUST be avoided

Answer 18

acyclovir - do NOT use steroids

Question 19

who normally gets fungal keratitis

Answer 19

trauma or vegetation (farmers)

Question 20

what is orbital cellulitis and what is it associated with

Answer 20

bag of pus at back of eye - assoc with sinus infection and post op

Question 21

what are symptoms of orbital cellulitis

Answer 21

painful esp on movement, proptosis (eye sticking forward), pyrexia, sight threatened, swollen and red around orbit

Question 22

what organisms can cause orbital cellulitis

Answer 22

staph, strep, coliforms, haem influenza, anaerobes

Question 23

how do you treat orbital cellulitis

Answer 23

drained by ENT surgeon

Question 24

what is endophthalmitis

Answer 24

devastating INFLAM infection from interior of eye

Question 25

what commonly causes endophthalmitis and what is the infective organism

Answer 25

post surgical - staph epi (can be others)

Question 26

what are symptoms of endophthalmitis

Answer 26

very painful, decreased vision, red eye, systemically unwell, injected vessels

Question 27

how do you treat endophthalmitis

Answer 27

local anaesthesia, intravitreal: amikacin/ ceftazidime/ vanco

Question 28

what is chorioretinits and what infective organisms usually cause it

Answer 28

inflammation of blood vessels on retina - cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis gondii and toxocara canis

Question 29

when is CMV common

Answer 29

AIDS –> haemorrhagic retinitis

Question 30

what causes toxoplasmosis in chorioretinitis and what are the symptoms

Answer 30

cats and raw meat - mild flu like illness (IgG)

Question 31

what causes toxocara canis in chorioretinitis and what can causes irreversible vision loss

Answer 31

worms from cats and dogs - granuloma

Question 32

how does chloramphenicol kill bacteria

Answer 32

inhibits protein synthesis

Question 33

for what organisms is chloramphenicol bactericidal

Answer 33

strep and haemophilis

Question 34

for what organisms is chloramphenicol bacteriorstatic

Answer 34

staph

Question 35

which bacteria is chloramphenicol ineffective against

Answer 35

pseudomonas

Question 36

what are side effects of chloramphenicol

Answer 36

allergy, grey baby syndrome (not for kids)