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Principles > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is human physiology

A

the study of the normal function of the human body and the integrative mechanisms that control them at the level of the cells, tissues, organs, body systems and whole body

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2
Q

homeostasis

A

several components of our bodies internal environment must be maintained within narrow ranges

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3
Q

intrinsic controls

A

local controls that are inherent in an organ

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4
Q

extrinsic controls

A

regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ

accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems

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5
Q

feedforward

A

term used for responses in anticipation of a change

e.g exercise

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6
Q

feedback

A

responses made after change has been detected

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7
Q

positive feedback

A

amplifies an initial change

e.g contractions in labour

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8
Q

negative feedback

A

opposes initial change
e.g blood pressure/ temperature
baroreceptor reflex

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9
Q

blood pressure

A

is the outward (hydrostatic) pressure exerted by the blood on blood vessel walls

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10
Q

systolic pressure

A

when the heart contracts <140mmHg

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11
Q

diastolic pressure

A

when the heart relaxes <90mmHg

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12
Q

hypertension

A

clinic BP of 140/90 or higher

day average 135/85 or higher

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13
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic

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14
Q

mean arterial BP

A

the average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle, which involves contraction and relaxation of the heart
70-105 mmHg
60mmHg is needed to perfuse organs

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15
Q

MAP equations

A

(2 diastolic + systolic)/3
diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure
cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

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16
Q

baroreceptor

A

in the carotid sinus and aortic arch

are mechanoreceptors which are sensitive to stretch

17
Q

barorecptor reflex

A

deviation in controlled variable
sensor
control centre
effectors
compensatory responses
restoration of controlled variable to normal
negative feedback to shut off the system responsible for the response

18
Q

firing rate in baroreceptors

A

afferent neurons
increases when MAP increases
decreases when MAP decreases
greater stretch than more signals sent

19
Q

stroke volume

A

increases if the contractile strength of the heart increases
regulated by autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nerves innervate the ventricular myocardium and increases the force of contraction
vagus nerve has little direct effect on ventricular contraction

20
Q

heart rate

A

sympathetic - accelerates heart rate, noradrenaline acts on beta receptors
parasympathetic - stimulates vagus nerve slows heart rate acelylcholine acts on muscarinic receptors

21
Q

systemic vascular resistance

A

resistance is different in different vessels
regulated by vascular smooth muscles
contraction of vascular smooth muscles causes vasoconstriction and increases SVR and MAP
vascular smooth muscle are supplied by sympathetic nerve fibres

22
Q

vasomotor tone

A

vascular smooth muscles are partially constricted at length

caused by tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves resulting in continuous release of noraderaline

23
Q

commonly assessed clinical vital signs

A 
pulse 
blood pressure 
temperature 
respiratory rate 
capillary refill time 
oxygen saturation 
consciousness
24
Q

core body temperature

A

37.8C

the temperature of structures deep within the body

25
Q

sites of monitoring body temperature

A

ear drum (tympanic) - 35.5-37.5
rectal 36.7-37.5
oral

26
Q

maintenance of core body temperature

A

heat gain - metabolic heat, radiation, convection, conduction
heat loss - convection, conduction, radiation, evaporation

27
Q

hypothalamus

A

small area in brain
posterior hypothalamic centre is activated by cold
anterior hypothalamic centre is activated by warmth

28
Q

responses to cold

A

skin arterioles - vasoconstriction
skeletal muscles - increased muscle tone, shivering, behavioural movement
postural changes
warm clothing

29
Q

responses to heat

A

skin arterioles - vasodilatation
sweat glands - sweating, evaporation of sweat
skeletal muscle - decreased muscle tone and movement
cool clothing

30
Q

hypothalamic temperature set point in raised in fever

A

infection/inflammation
release of endogenous
stimulate the release of postaglandins in hypothalamus
raise temperature set point in hypothalamus
initiation of cold response
increased heat production and decreased heat loss
raised body temperature to new set point

31
Q

fever

A

38-40

32
Q

hyperthermia

A

40+

33
Q

hypothermia

A

below 35

34
Q

membrane potential

A

Em
separation of opposite changes across the membrane
due to differences in the concentration and permeability of key ions

35
Q

concentration gradient in skeletal muscle cell

A

K is outward
Na is inward
membrane is more permeable to K than Na

Principles (9 decks)

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