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Principles > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Vindicatem

A 
vascular 
infection
neoplasm
drugs/toxins
iatrogenic
congenital/developmental
autoimmune
trauma
endocrine/metabolic
mental health
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2
Q

what is the response to injury in acute inflammation

A

vascular changes
cellular changes
chemical mediators
morphologic patterns

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3
Q

acute inflammation vascular changes

A 
changes in flow and vessel caliber 
vasodilation
first arterioles then capillary beds 
mediated by histamine and nitric oxide 
results in calor and rubor
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4
Q

calor

A

heat

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5
Q

rubor

A

redness

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6
Q

tumor

A

swelling

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7
Q

dolor

A

pain

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8
Q

funcio laesa

A

loss of function

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9
Q

cellular changes

A 
stasis
white cell margination 
rolling/pavmenting
adhesions 
migration
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10
Q

causes of acute inflammation

A 
injury
infection
trauma
foreign bodies
immune reaction 
necrosis
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11
Q

phagocytosis

A

recognition and attachment
engulfment
killing and degradation

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12
Q

clinical features of acute inflammation

A 
rubor
calor
dolor
tumor
functiono laesa
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13
Q

results of inflammation

A

resolution
suppuration - formation of pus
repair, organisation and fibrosis scarring
chronic inflammation

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14
Q

result of inflammation depends on

A

site of injury
type of injury
duration of injury

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15
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

preservation of outline
dead cells consumed by enzymatic process and cells
microenvironment too toxic for protedysis
common
often in MI

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16
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A 
liquid viscous mass, no cell structure
pus 
associated with bacterial and fungal infections
in the brain
is absorbed by tissue so leaves a hole
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17
Q

caseous necrosis

A

microscopic
TB
granulomatous inflammation with central necrosis
ask for culture, PCR, Ziehl Neelson stain
culture for ID and antibiotic tests

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18
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death in response to specific signals
requires energy
is contained can be cleared up
pathological or physiological

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19
Q

pathological apoptosis

A 
in response to injury
radiation 
chemotherapy
viral infection
cancer
graft vs host
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20
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased cell number

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21
Q

hypertrophy

A

increased cell size

22
Q

atrophy

A

decreased cell size

23
Q

metaplasia

A

reversible change from one mature cell type to another

24
Q

G1

A

grow, CDK4 activated by cyclin D

25
Q

S

A

cyclin A activates CDK2 which promoted DNA replication

26
Q

G2

A

main checkpoint at end p53

27
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth that can invade other tissues

28
Q

what is a tumour

A

a swelling

can be benign, malignant, inflammatory or a foreign body

29
Q

what is a neoplasm

A 
a new growth
not in response to a stimulus
can be benign, malignant or premalignant
can be anywhere
any cell from any organ
30
Q

malignant

A

metastatic potential

goes beyond the basement membrane

31
Q

precursor stages to becoming malignant

A

dysplasia
metaplasia
hyperplasia

32
Q

dysplasia

A

disordered growth

no invasion

33
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

dysplasia affecting the whole of the epithelium

last stage before becoming invasive

34
Q

causes of cancer

A 
inherited predisposition
chemicals
radiation
infections
inflammation
lifestyle factors 
unknown causes
35
Q

inherited predisposition

A

BRCA
autosomal dominant
FAP
double hit hypothesis

36
Q

chemical carcinogenesis

A 
smoking 
aflatoxins - fungus on peanuts
beta naphthylamine - chemical dyes 
nitrosamines - food preservatives 
arsenic - skin cancer
37
Q

microbial

A

HPV
E7 oncogene
E6 increases destruction of p53

38
Q

growth receptors

A

receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
7 transmembrane G coupled receptors
receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

39
Q

cancer must be able to

A 
sustained growth signals 
loss of growth inhibition
unlimited replication potential
resisting apoptosis
inducing angiogenesis 
disordered repair mechanisms
evasion of the immune system 
activating invasion and metastasis
40
Q

N:C ratio

A

nuclear : cytosol ratio
malignant more nucleus
normal more cytoplasm

41
Q

thrombosis

A

trigger of coagulation within a vessel
static
not circulating

42
Q

virchow’s triad

A

sites of endothelial injury
turbulent blood flow
hypercoaguable blood

43
Q

embolism

A

thrombus that has been transported through the vasculature to a point where it gets stuck

44
Q

ischaemia

A

insufficient blood supply

45
Q

infarction

A

death of a tissue due to ischemia

46
Q

hypoxic injury

A

no oxygen

no ATP

47
Q

air embolism

A

rare complication of surgery
the bends
decompression sickness

48
Q

amniotic fluid embolism

A

rare complication of childbirth

tear in placenta or uterine vessels, secondary infusion of amniotic or fetal material

49
Q

fat embolism

A

fat and marrow

large skeletal marrow contents embolised

50
Q

tumour emboli

A

usually associated with true trombus

some tumours have propensity for vascular invasion

51
Q

septic emboli

A

specific intravenous infections

Principles (9 decks)

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