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Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

plasmalemma

A

outer membrane

a bimolecular layer of amphipathic

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2
Q

integral proteins

A 
receptors
channels 
transporters 
enzymes 
cell attachment proteins
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3
Q

perinuclear cistern

A

space between two membranes of nucleus

continuous with the cistern of the ER

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4
Q

Euchromatin

A

actively undergoing transcription - light

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5
Q

heterochromatin

A

highly condensed inactive - dark

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6
Q

ER

A

forms a network of interconnecting membrane bound compartment in the cell
more ER in active cells

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7
Q

RER

A

studded with ribosomes
synthesis of proteins destined for insertion into membrane or secretion
plasma cells produce antibodies and have lots of RER

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8
Q

SER

A

site of lipid synthesis

most cells have little SER

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9
Q

Golgi complex

A

group of flattened membrane bound cisternae arranged in sub compartments
processes proteins into vesicles

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10
Q

occluding junctions

A

link cells to form a diffusion barrier
prevent diffusion
close apposition between cells
tight junctions or zonula occludens

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11
Q

anchoring

A

link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells

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12
Q

zonula adherens

A

transmembrane cadherin molecules bind to each other in the extracellular space, through link molecules, to actin of the cytoskeleton

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13
Q

desmosomes

A

link submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells
maacula adherens
common in skin

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14
Q

gap junctions

A

communicating
allows selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells
connexons form pores
not in skeletal muscles

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15
Q

4 basic tissue types

A

epithelium
connective tissue
muscle
nervous tissue

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16
Q

epithelia cell shape

A

squamous - flattened
cuboidal - cube
columnar - column

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17
Q

epithelia number of layers

A

simple - one
stratified - two or more
pseudostratified - all cells contact basal lamina but look s like many layer

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18
Q

epithelia cell or tissue surface

A

cilia
prominent microvilli
layers of keratin

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19
Q

glandular epithelia endocrine

A

secreted towards the basal end of the cell then to vascular system - ductless glands

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20
Q

glandular epithelia endocrine

A

secreted towards apical end into lumen of an internal space a duct or onto body surface - ducted glands

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21
Q

soft connective tissue

A 
tendons 
ligaments 
mesentry 
stroma of organs 
dermis
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22
Q

hard connective tissue

A

bone
cartilage
strong, flexible, semi rigid tissue

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23
Q

fibroblasts

A

widely distributed produce and maintain extracellular mix actively dividing

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24
Q

adipose cells

A

fat cells

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25
Q

osteocytes

A

cells of bone

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26
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells of cartilage

27
Q

loose soft connective tissue

A

loosely packed fibres separated by abundant ground substance, cells relatively plentiful

28
Q

dense soft connective tissue

A

regular - tendon
irregular - dermis
densely packed bundles of collagen fibres

29
Q

muscle

A

cytoplasm is packed with fibres and cells are highly specialised for the production of contractile force
produced by actin and myosin fibres aided by accessory proteins

30
Q

smooth muscle

A

individual fibres are elongated, spindle shaped cells, range in length
involuntary or visceral
no visible striations

31
Q

skeletal muscle

A 
voluntary or striated 
multinucleated 
can be considerable length 
nuclei located at periphery of the cell 
sarcolemma - cell membrane
32
Q

cardiac muscle

A

forms wall of the heart chambers and origins of the great vessels
less prominent striations
fibres much shorter
single nucleus near the centre
intercalated discs - between fibres sites of end to end attachments

33
Q

nervous tissue

A

consists of neurons and support cells - glia
surrounded by connective tissue coat
meninges - CNS
epineurium - PNS

34
Q

multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites, one axon

35
Q

bipolar neurons

A

one dendrite, one axon

36
Q

pseudounipolar

A

short process gives rise to axon in both directions

37
Q

astrocytes

A

support, ion transport, induce blood brain barrier form the main structure of the brain

38
Q

oligodencutes

A

produce myelin which speed s up transmission of information

39
Q

microglia

A

provide immune surveillance

40
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin and support axons

41
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual glands

42
Q

digestive tract layers

A

mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa/adventia

43
Q

protective mucosa

A

non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

44
Q

secretory mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands

45
Q

absorptive mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands

46
Q

protective and absorptive

A

simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands

47
Q

blood vessels tunica intima

A

a single layer of squamous epithelial cells supported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue

48
Q

blood vessels tunica media

A

predominately smooth muscle lost in smallest connective tissue

49
Q

blood vessels tunica adventitia

A

supporting connective tissue integrates with the external environment

50
Q

arterioles

A

only one or two layers of smooth muscle in tunica media and almost no adventia

51
Q

capillaries

A

endothelial cells and a basal lamina 4-8 um

52
Q

veins

A

thin tunica media, few layers of smooth muscle cells, obvious tunica adventitia,

53
Q

lymph vascular system

A

smooth muscle in walls, hydrostatic pressure in tissue, compression of vessels by voluntary muscle movement and valves in the vessels produces flow

54
Q

granylocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

55
Q

agranulocytes

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

56
Q

erythrocytes

A

7um
red blood cells
no nucleus or oorganelles

57
Q

neutrophils

A

cytoplasm contains many granules
multi lobed nucleus
phagocytes
produced in bone marrow

58
Q

eosinophils

A 
granules in the cytoplasm 
an affinity for red eosin 
slightly larger than neutrophils 
bilobed nucleus 
allergic reactions
59
Q

basophils

A

rarest granulocytes
have an affinity for basic dyes
contain histamine, heparin and other inflammatory mediators
high affinity IgE receptors in cell membrane

60
Q

monocytes

A

precursor of tissue macrophages
non-lobulated nucleus often kidney shaped
largest cells in blood

61
Q

lymphocytes

A

round nucleus surrounded by thin cytoplasm no visible granules

62
Q

platelets

A

small cell fragments

key role in hemostasis

63
Q

hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis

A 
production of cellular components of blood 
outside embryo in yolk sac at 3 weeks 
later liver and spleen 
2nd trimester liver is main site 
birth bone marry is main site

Principles (9 decks)

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