Pharmacology

Question 1

pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

what the drug does to the body

Question 2

pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

what the body does to the drug

Question 3

what is a drug

Answer 3

any single synthetic, natural substance of known structure used in the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of disease

Question 4

selectivity

Answer 4

ability of a drug to distinguish between different molecular targets within the body
drugs bind to particular molecular targets

Question 5

how do drugs act

Answer 5

many act by binding to regulatory proteins to modify their function: enzymes, carrier molecules, ion channels, receptors
RNA/DNA are important targets

Question 6

agonist

Answer 6

a drug that binds to a receptor to produce a cellular response

Question 7

antagonist

Answer 7

a drug that reduces or blocks the actions of an agonist by binding to the same receptor

Question 8

reversible competitive antagonism

Answer 8

bonding of agonist and antagonist occur at the same site

Question 9

non competitive antagonism

Answer 9

bind to different allosteric sites

activation cannot occur when antagonist is bound

Question 10

autocrine

Answer 10

to same cell

Question 11

paracrine

Answer 11

signal to its close neighbours

Question 12

endocrine

Answer 12

signal via molecules transported by blood to target distant cells

Question 13

major types of receptors

Answer 13

Ligand gated ion channels - ionotrophic
G protein coupled receptors - metabotrophic
kinase linked receptors - enzyme linked
nuclear receptors

Question 14

drug movement through the body

Answer 14

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

Question 15

small molecules can cross cell membranes by

Answer 15

passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion - carrier proteins
active transport
endocytosis

Question 16

sites of carrier mediated drug transport

Answer 16

blood brain barrier 
GI tract 
placenta 
renal tubule 
biliary tract

Question 17

apparent volume of distribution

Answer 17

extent to which a drug partitions between the plasma and tissue compartments
dose/ [drug]plasma

Question 18

metabolism

Answer 18

drug transformation by metabolism by the liver and other tissues

Question 19

hepatic phase 1 reactions

Answer 19

change in drug by oxidisation, reduction or hydrolysis

Question 20

hepatic phase 2 reactions

Answer 20

combination of the drug with one of several polar molecules to form a water soluble metabolite

Question 21

clearance

Answer 21

rate of drug elimination/[drug]plasma

Question 22

absolute refractory period

Answer 22

no stimulus can elicit a second action potential

Question 23

relative refractory period

Answer 23

stronger stimulus may elicit action potential

Question 24

sympathetic neurotransmitters

Answer 24

acetycholine

noradrenaline

Question 25

parasympathetic

Answer 25

noradrenaline

Question 26

activation of G protein

Answer 26

activated by agonist binding to GPCR
inactivated - alpha subunit - GDP
activated - alpha subunit - GTP and alpha and beta gamma subunits separate
agonist activation - allows GTP to bind - separates - cell signalling

Question 27

neurochemical transmission in ANS

Answer 27

uptake of precursor 
synthesis of transmitter or intermediate 
storage of transmitter or intermediate 
depolarisation 
Ca2+ enters 
Ca2+ induced release of NT 
receptor activated 
enzyme mediated inactivation of transmitter cholinergic
reuptake of transmitter adrenergic