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ENT > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does frequency of sound dictate?

A

pitch (high or low)

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2
Q

what does amplitude of sound dictate

A

intensity (quiet or loud)

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3
Q

what is 0 on an audiogram?

A

this is the hearing of a healthy 20-year-old male

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4
Q

what is considered normal hearing on an audiogram

A

hearing below 20-25

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5
Q

two ways the middle ear changes vibrations in the air to fluid vibrations in the cochlear

A
  1. tympanic membrane to oval window is 18:1

2. malleus handle is much bigger than the incus long process

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6
Q

what does the scala media contain?

A

endolymph

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7
Q

what is suspended between scala tympani and scala vestibuli?

A

scala media

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8
Q

what does the scala tympani and scala vestibuli contain?

A

perilymph

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9
Q

what does the frequency of sound vibrate in the cochlea?

A

different parts of the basilar membrane that hold hair cells (tonotopic organisation of the cochlea)

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10
Q

describe tonotopic organisation of the cochlea

A

high frequencies at the base

low frequencies at the apex

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11
Q

difference between inner and outer hair cells

A

inner hair cells sense sound

outer hair cells have a modulating effect (switch cochlea on and off)

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12
Q

pathway of the AP from hair cells to the brainstem

A 
ECOLI
eighth cranial nerve
cochlear nucleus
superior olivary complex
lateral lemniscus
inferior colliculus
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13
Q

where is sound perceived in the brain?

A

primary auditory cortex in left posterior superior temporal gyrus (Brodman areas 41/42) found in the temporal lobe

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14
Q

what opens the eustachian tube?

A

tensor veli palatini

levator palatine

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15
Q

what does dysfunction of opening the eustachian tube lead to?

A

negative middle ear pressure

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16
Q

what week in-utero can the foetus hear?

A

18 weeks

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17
Q

how many weeks when the foetus will respond to sound/voice

A

26 weeks

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18
Q

hearing is fundamental for speech development (milestones)

A

3 months recognises mothers voice

6 months turns to sound

19
Q

input systems into balance

A

visual
cardiovascular (perfuses the systems involved with balance)
proprioceptive
vestibular

20
Q

output systems of balance

A

vestibulopsinal tract

vestibulo-ocular reflex

21
Q

vestibular end organs

A

SVN: lateral and anterior SCC and utricle
IVN: posterior semi-circular canal and saccule

22
Q

two types of hair cells

A

kinocilium

stereocilia

23
Q

what are the otolith organs

A

utricle

saccule

24
Q

what do the utricle and saccule contain?

A

macules containing stereocilia projecting upwards into a gelatinous matrix with otoconia

25
Q

describe the vestibular-ocular reflex

A

brain perceives position and movement when tilting head/linear motion

26
Q

what are the receptors for taste and smell?

A

chemoreceptors

27
Q

what do taste buds consist of?

A

sensory receptor cells and support cells arranged like orange segments

28
Q

what are taste cell receptors replaced by?

A

basal cells

29
Q

four types of papillae in the human tongue

A

filiform= most numerous but do not contain taste buds

fungiform, vallate and foliate all contain taste buds

30
Q

describe the pathway of taste

A
  • binding of chemicals to receptor cell alters ionic channels producing a depolarising AP
  • afferent nerve fibres synapse with receptor cells
  • signals are sent to cortical gustatory areas
31
Q

ways afferent taste fibres reach the brainstem

A 
CNVII= chorda tympani
CNIX= supplies posterior 1/3rd of tongue
CNX= epiglottitis and pharynx
32
Q

five primary tastes

A
  1. bitter= stimulated by alkaloids, poison
  2. sour= acids containing free H+
  3. salt= NaCl
  4. sweet= stimulated by glucose
  5. umami (meat or savoury) triggered by amino acids
33
Q

abnormalities of taste

A

ageusia
hypogeusia
dysgeusia

34
Q

where is the olfactory mucosa located?

A

dorsal roof of the nasal cavity

35
Q

what does the olfactory mucosa contain?

A

olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells (secrete mucus)

36
Q

describe the structure of olfactory receptor cells

A

neurone with a thick dendrite and expanded end called an olfactory rod which cilia project from and cause odorants to bind

37
Q

role of basal cells in the olfactory mucosa

A

act as precursors for new receptor cells

38
Q

what do afferent fibres of the olfactory nerve pierce?

A

cribriform plate and enter olfactory bulbs on the interior surface of the brain

39
Q

where does the AP go once in the bulb?

A

passes along olfactory tracts to reach the temporal lobe and olfactory areas

40
Q

during quiet breathing do odorants reach the olfactory mucosa?

A

no as this is situated above normal air flow

41
Q

what allows odorants to reach the olfactory mucosa?

A

sniffing enhances the currant upwards

42
Q

what must an odorant contain to be smelled?

A

it must be volatile enough

sufficiently water soluble (dissolve in mucous coating olfactory mucosa)

43
Q

abnormalities of smell

A

anosmia
hyposmia
dysosmia

ENT (35 decks)

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