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ENT > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

define otitis media

A

inflammation of the middle ear

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2
Q

causes of otitis media

A

usually viral

can be bacterial e.g. strep pneumonia, H. influenza and moraxella catarrhalis

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3
Q

causative organisms in chronic otitis media

A

pseudomonas
staph aureus
fungal

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4
Q

presentation of cholesteatoma

A

pearly white masses in the ear, often the middle ear

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5
Q

two types of cholesteatoma

A

acquired

congenital

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6
Q

histological presentation of cholesteatoma

A

abnormal stratified squamous epithelium with abundant keratin

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7
Q

management of cholesteatoma

A

lesions are usually scraped out

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8
Q

what is a vestibular schwannoma associated with location wise?

A

vestibular portion of CNVIII

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9
Q

where are vestibular schwannomas usually located?

A

inner ear within the temporal bone

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10
Q

what to consider if young and bilateral vestibular schwannomas

A

neurofibromatosis II

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11
Q

histology of vestibular schwannomas

A

well circumscribed
encapsulated
yellow benign

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12
Q

define neurofibromatosis II

A

AD condition affecting the NF-2 gene (tumour suppressor) which encodes for the merlin protein

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13
Q

presentation of neurofibromatosis II

A 
neurofibromas
bilateral vestibular schwannomas
gliomas
cafe au lait patches
cataracts
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14
Q

are nasal polyps common?

A

yes, but not in children

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15
Q

causes of nasal polyps

A 
allergy (eosinophils present)
infection
asthma
aspirin sensitivity
nickel exposure
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16
Q

if young with nasal polyps what cause to consider?

A

CF

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17
Q

what do sinonasal papilloma look like?

A

nasal polyps and they present the same way
can form micro-abscesses
presence of mucocytes is not normal (respiratory epithelium)

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18
Q

define granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A

AI small vessel vasculitis that is limited to the respiratory tract (nose too) and kidneys

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19
Q

who does GPA present in?

A

over 40s

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20
Q

presentation of GPA

A

pulmonary
renal
nasal symptoms

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21
Q

diagnosis of GPA

A

high ANCA (cANCA)

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22
Q

benign tumours of the nose

A

squamous papilloma’s
Schneiderian papilloma’s
angiofibromas

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23
Q

malignant tumours of the nose

A 
squamous cell carcinomas
adenocarcinomas
nasopharyngeal carcinomas
neuroblastomas
lymphomas
24
Q

three types of Schneiderian papilloma’s

A

inverted (lateral nasal wall)
exophytic (nasal septum)
oncocytic (lateral nasal wall)

25
Q

who does Schneiderian papilloma’s present in?

A

tend to be over 50

males

26
Q

causes of Schneiderian papilloma’s

A

HPV6 and 11 (low risk)
smoking
organic solvents
welding

27
Q

presentation of Schneiderian papilloma’s

A

blocked nose

28
Q

associations with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

male
EBV
nitrosamines in food

29
Q

two types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

keratinising (less of a link with EBV)

non-keratinising (EBV)

30
Q

what is EBV associated with (tumours)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma
other B cell lymphomas
Hodgkin’s lymphoma

31
Q

what cells does EBV infect?

A

epithelial cells of oropharynx and B cells

32
Q

define laryngeal polyps

A

reactive change in the mucosa

33
Q

causes of laryngeal polyps

A

vocal abuse
infection
smoking

34
Q

histology of laryngeal polyps

A

stratified squamous epithelium (+ulcer)

35
Q

what condition can laryngeal polyps be seen in?

A

hypothyroidism

36
Q

define contact ulcer

A

benign response to injury

37
Q

where are contact ulcers usually found

A

posterior to vocal cord

38
Q

causes of contact ulcer

A

chronic throat clearing
voice abuse
GORD
intubation

39
Q

peak age related incidences of squamous papilloma

A

<5

20-40 year olds

40
Q

what is squamous papilloma related to?

A

HPV 6 and 11

41
Q

histology of squamous papilloma

A

stratified squamous epithelium often with keratin that is thicker than normal

42
Q

define paragangliomas

A

tumours arising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells

43
Q

locations of chromaffin positive paragangliomas

A

adrenal medulla

paravertebral

44
Q

location of crhomaffin negative paragangliomas (no catecholamines secreted)

A

aortic
carotid bodies
oral cavity
nose

45
Q

what age group get paragangliomas

A

over 50s

46
Q

what is paragangliomas associated with?

A

MEN2

47
Q

how to diagnose HPV associated carcinomas?

A

DNA check- PCR or in-situ hybridisation

48
Q

salivary glands in the head and neck

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual
minor salivary glands

49
Q

define sialolithiasis

A

stones

50
Q

infections of the salivary glands causes

A

paramyxovirus (mumps, parotitis, orchitis and pancreatitis, risk of secondary meningitis)

51
Q

four types of salivary gland tumours

A
  1. pleomorphic adenoma (benign)
  2. Warthin’s tumour (benign)
  3. mucoepidermoid carcinoma (malignant)
  4. adenoid cystic (malignant)
52
Q

describe pleomorphic adenoma

A 
most common
parotid
females 40-60
risks malignant transformation
well-circumscribed tumours that tend to be encapsulated
53
Q

describe Warthin’s tumour

A 
usually males over 50
rare outside the parotid
associated with smoking
often bilateral
columnar cell and cystic lesions
lymph node appearance
54
Q

describe mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A

majority in parotid

55
Q

describe adenoid cystic

A

over 40
usually parotid
most common malignant tumour of the palate
frequent perineural invasion (associated with pain and loss of function)

ENT (35 decks)

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