Physiology

Question 1

What are the two components of bodily fluid and their respective volume%

Answer 1

ICF (66.66%) and ECF (33.33%)

Question 2

What are the two subcategories of ECF and their relative volume%

Answer 2

Blood plasma and ISF (25% and 75% resp.)

Question 3

What % of bodyweight is total body water (TBW)?

Answer 3

60%

Question 4

What ions are most prevalent in the cell (ICF)?

Answer 4

Potassium and protein anions

Question 5

What ions are most prevalent in the ISF?

Answer 5

Sodium and Chlorine

Question 6

What ions are most present in the blood plasma?

Answer 6

Sodium, Cl-, and protein

Question 7

What effect does low protein in the blood plasma have?

Answer 7

Edema (water leaks from plasma to ISF)

Question 8

Osmotic pressure

Answer 8

The pressure formed when a charged molecule pulls water towards it (eh). The pressure when water moves to an area of lower concentration

Question 9

Tonicity if the ISF has a higher concentration than the ICF

Answer 9

Hypertonic

Question 10

Tonicity if the ISF has a lower concentration than the ICF

Answer 10

Hypotonic

Question 11

Tonicity if the ISF is the same conc as the ICF

Answer 11

Isotonic

Question 12

Normal Saline osmolarity and tonicity (normal ICF/ECF conc)

Answer 12

Isotonic and isosmotic

Question 13

5% dextrose in normal saline (DS5-normal saline) tonicity and osmolarity

Answer 13

Hyperosmotic (dextrose) and isotonic

Question 14

DS5 in water tonicity and osmolarity

Answer 14

Isosmotic and hypotonic

Question 15

0.45% saline

Answer 15

Hyposmotic and hypotonic

Question 16

DS5 in 0.45% saline tonic and osmolarity

Answer 16

Hyperosmotic and hypotonic

Question 17

What type of diffusion occurs directly across the lipid bilayer?

Answer 17

Simple diffusion

Question 18

What transport occurs across channels or facilitating proteins without ATP input?

Answer 18

Facilitated diffusion

Question 19

What transport requires direct ATP transport across the membrane with a channel or transporter?

Answer 19

Primary Active Transport

Question 20

What transport uses the concentration gradient established by the PAT to move ions or other products?

Answer 20

Secondary active transport

Question 21

What are the transport proteins associated with muscle contraction?

Answer 21

L-type voltage gated Ca channel (DHP); Ca2+ release channel (in the SR); Na/K ATPase; Na/Ca exchanger (2* active transport); Ca2+ pump

Question 22

How and where does digoxin affect muscular contraction?

Answer 22

Blocks Na/K atpase and prevents Ca2+ from leavin cells; increased force of contraction

Question 23

What target organs in the ANS are sympathetic only?

Answer 23

Adrenal medulla and erector pili

Question 24

What effector area is mostly under strictly-sympathetic control? Why?

Answer 24

Blood vessels (dilation/constriction); parasymp nerves dont travel with spinal nerves

Question 25

What is the two cell system?

Answer 25

Where symp/para nervous systems synapse at both the PNS and CNS (a cell body in each)

Question 26

What are the sympathetic cardiac receptors?

Answer 26

Beta 1 (incr HR and contraction force) and alpha 1 (constriction)

Question 27

What are the parasymp cardiac receptors

Answer 27

M2 (decreased HR and contractility) and M3 (dilation)

Question 28

What neurotransmitters (NTs) are most prevalent in the Para/symp nervous systems?

Answer 28

Sympathetic: (nor)epinepherine, and sometimes ACh Parasympathetic: ACh

Question 29

What ANS receptor is on smooth muscle? Cardiac?

Answer 29

Alpha-1 smooth; B-1 (mostly) cardiac

Question 30

What ANS receptor can be targeted to mediate blood pressure control?

Answer 30

Beta-1 (propanolol and metoprolol)

Question 31

What are common B-1 agonists?

Answer 31

(Nor)epinepherine, isoproterenol, dobutamine

Question 32

What famous antagonist blocks nicotinic receptors?

Answer 32

curare

Question 33

Where are muscarinic receptors most common?

Answer 33

Parasympathetic pathway Sympathetic pathway only in sweat glands (ACh)

Question 34

What is the action of B-1 receptors?

Answer 34

Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and increased cAMP

Question 35

What is the mechanism of action of alpha-1 receptors?

Answer 35

IP3, and increased intracellular Ca2+

Question 36

What are the target tissues containing B-1 receptors?

Answer 36

Heart, salivary glands, adipose, kidney

Question 37

What target tissues contain alpha-1 receptors?

Answer 37

Vascular smooth muscle, skin, renal, splanchic, GI, sphincters, radial muscles, iris

Question 38

What mediates signal transduction? Describe it.

Answer 38

GCPR; A small signal form a NT binds to a receptor, then that activates a cascade of proteins (G-coupled) that amplify this signal. tl;dr small signal cascades to huge effects

Question 39

To relate how powerful signal transduction is, how many cAMP is produced from 1 second to NE binding to B-1?

Answer 39

1000s

Question 40

What is increased cAMP’s effect on cardiomyocytes?

Answer 40

Increased rate and contractile force

Question 41

What does adenylyl cyclase do?

Answer 41

rearranges ATP to cAMP via isomerization

Question 42

How does cAMP affect HR and force?

Answer 42

By opening Ca2+ channels longer, making the ICF conc of Ca higher

Question 43

What is caffein’s mechanism on the heart?

Answer 43

Increased cAMP, increased Ca2+, and whatever results from that