Physiology Flashcards
What are the two components of bodily fluid and their respective volume%
ICF (66.66%) and ECF (33.33%)
What are the two subcategories of ECF and their relative volume%
Blood plasma and ISF (25% and 75% resp.)
What % of bodyweight is total body water (TBW)?
60%
What ions are most prevalent in the cell (ICF)?
Potassium and protein anions
What ions are most prevalent in the ISF?
Sodium and Chlorine
What ions are most present in the blood plasma?
Sodium, Cl-, and protein
What effect does low protein in the blood plasma have?
Edema (water leaks from plasma to ISF)
Osmotic pressure
The pressure formed when a charged molecule pulls water towards it (eh). The pressure when water moves to an area of lower concentration
Tonicity if the ISF has a higher concentration than the ICF
Hypertonic
Tonicity if the ISF has a lower concentration than the ICF
Hypotonic
Tonicity if the ISF is the same conc as the ICF
Isotonic
Normal Saline osmolarity and tonicity (normal ICF/ECF conc)
Isotonic and isosmotic
5% dextrose in normal saline (DS5-normal saline) tonicity and osmolarity
Hyperosmotic (dextrose) and isotonic
DS5 in water tonicity and osmolarity
Isosmotic and hypotonic
0.45% saline
Hyposmotic and hypotonic
DS5 in 0.45% saline tonic and osmolarity
Hyperosmotic and hypotonic
What type of diffusion occurs directly across the lipid bilayer?
Simple diffusion
What transport occurs across channels or facilitating proteins without ATP input?
Facilitated diffusion
What transport requires direct ATP transport across the membrane with a channel or transporter?
Primary Active Transport
What transport uses the concentration gradient established by the PAT to move ions or other products?
Secondary active transport
What are the transport proteins associated with muscle contraction?
L-type voltage gated Ca channel (DHP); Ca2+ release channel (in the SR); Na/K ATPase; Na/Ca exchanger (2* active transport); Ca2+ pump
How and where does digoxin affect muscular contraction?
Blocks Na/K atpase and prevents Ca2+ from leavin cells; increased force of contraction
What target organs in the ANS are sympathetic only?
Adrenal medulla and erector pili
What effector area is mostly under strictly-sympathetic control? Why?
Blood vessels (dilation/constriction); parasymp nerves dont travel with spinal nerves
What is the two cell system?
Where symp/para nervous systems synapse at both the PNS and CNS (a cell body in each)
What are the sympathetic cardiac receptors?
Beta 1 (incr HR and contraction force) and alpha 1 (constriction)
What are the parasymp cardiac receptors
M2 (decreased HR and contractility) and M3 (dilation)
What neurotransmitters (NTs) are most prevalent in the Para/symp nervous systems?
Sympathetic: (nor)epinepherine, and sometimes ACh
Parasympathetic: ACh
What ANS receptor is on smooth muscle? Cardiac?
Alpha-1 smooth; B-1 (mostly) cardiac
What ANS receptor can be targeted to mediate blood pressure control?
Beta-1 (propanolol and metoprolol)
What are common B-1 agonists?
(Nor)epinepherine, isoproterenol, dobutamine
What famous antagonist blocks nicotinic receptors?
curare
Where are muscarinic receptors most common?
Parasympathetic pathway
Sympathetic pathway only in sweat glands (ACh)
What is the action of B-1 receptors?
Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and increased cAMP
What is the mechanism of action of alpha-1 receptors?
IP3, and increased intracellular Ca2+
What are the target tissues containing B-1 receptors?
Heart, salivary glands, adipose, kidney
What target tissues contain alpha-1 receptors?
Vascular smooth muscle, skin, renal, splanchic, GI, sphincters, radial muscles, iris
What mediates signal transduction? Describe it.
GCPR; A small signal form a NT binds to a receptor, then that activates a cascade of proteins (G-coupled) that amplify this signal.
tl;dr small signal cascades to huge effects
To relate how powerful signal transduction is, how many cAMP is produced from 1 second to NE binding to B-1?
1000s
What is increased cAMP’s effect on cardiomyocytes?
Increased rate and contractile force
What does adenylyl cyclase do?
rearranges ATP to cAMP via isomerization
How does cAMP affect HR and force?
By opening Ca2+ channels longer, making the ICF conc of Ca higher
What is caffein’s mechanism on the heart?
Increased cAMP, increased Ca2+, and whatever results from that
