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Foundations- Block 1 > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classes of pathogenic microorganisms?

A

Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, prions

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2
Q

What are the eukaryotic pathogens? Prokaryote? Subcellular?

A

Parasites and Fungi

Bact

Prions and viruses

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi?

A

Eukaryote; thicc carbohydrate cell wall; singlecellular to long, extensive chains

Cause Mycoses (superficial, subcutaneous, systemic)

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of parasitic pathogens?

A

Eukaryotic; multi-formed (from single cell-> multicellular)

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

Unicellular; prokaryotic; cell walls; no organelles/nucleus

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of prions?

A

Protein particles without a nucleus

  • cause misfolding protein disease
  • resistent to inactivation
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7
Q

What are the routes of transmission?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Contamination
  • Airborne
  • Exchange of fluids
  • Vector (animal/arthropod)
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8
Q

How are bacteria differentiated in a lab setting?

A

Multitude of lab tests including gram stains, catalase, blood agar, etc. to differentiate presence or absence of enzymes, composition of cell wall, etc

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9
Q

What is a key characteristic of anaerobic gram + cocci?

A

Part of normal flora, but can cause infection when spread to a sterile area

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10
Q

What are the two types of gram + bacteria?

A

Cocci and bacili

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11
Q

What test can differentiate staph from strep?

A

Catalase test (staph is + and strep is -)

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12
Q

How can staph aureus be diff from other staph infections?

A

Coagulase (S. aureus = +)

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13
Q

What can staph aureus cause?

A

Superficial lesions, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome

-systemic infections can also occur

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14
Q

What is an issue with the structure of biofilms?

A

Increased resistance to antimicrobials

-breakdown can lead to systemic infections

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15
Q

What methods can test efficacy of antibiotics on a bacteria?

A

Broth dilution, antimicrobial gradient, and disc diffusion

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16
Q

What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

A
  • aminoglycosides
  • chloramphenicol
  • macrolides
  • streptothricin
  • tetracycline
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17
Q

What antibiotics inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis?

A
  • Quinolones

- Rifampin

18
Q

What antibiotics interfere with the cell wall?

A
  • Beta-Lactams

- Glycopeptides

19
Q

What ABX inhibits energy metabolism?

A
  • Sulfonamides

- Trimethoprim

20
Q

What are some ways bacteria can resist antibiotics?

A

Changes of permeability to cell wall

  • Efflux of ABX
  • Enzymatic modification
  • degredation of ABX
  • Modification of ABX target
21
Q

What are three sources of gene transport for bacterii?

A

Conjugation (bacteria sex), transformation (environment), transduction (bacteriophage)

22
Q

What kind of hemolysis is clear and complete lysis of RBC?

A

Beta-hemolytic

23
Q

What type of hemolysis is partially lysed RBC?

A

Alpha-hemolytic (green)

24
Q

What type of hemolysis is associated with no hemolytic activity?

A

Gamma-hemolytic

25
Q

What are ways to test for type of strep infection?

A

Colony morphology, hemolytic patterns, biochem reactions, serological specificityq

26
Q

What is the most common “strep fever” strain?

A

Strep pygenes

  • beta-hemolytic
  • gram +
  • “clumped” colony
27
Q

What does strep pneumoniae cause?

A

Pneumonia, menengitis, etc

  • A-hemolytic
  • Optochin sensitive
  • Gram +
28
Q

What are some gram - cocci that are most clinically foundational?

A

Neisseria (gonorrhoeae/meningitidis)

Moraxella (catarrhalis)

29
Q

T or F: Gram - is festidious and requires a specific medium to grow.

A

True

30
Q

What are the two most common plates used to diff gram - species?

A

Blood and chocolate agar

31
Q

What two sub-tests can diff niseria species?

A

Oxidase and catalase

32
Q

What is the shape of Gram - bacilli?

A

Shorter, but still rod-like

33
Q

What is a common gram - bacteria that is associated with food poisoning, gastroenteritis, and newborn meningitis

A

E. Coli

34
Q

What diseases is pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with?

A

Lung and UTI

35
Q

What is a high risk for gram - bacterial infection?

A

Hospitalization and catheters (most risk)

  • recent sx
  • war wounds
  • dialysis
  • mechanical ventilator
  • decr immune system
36
Q

Where can gram - samples be obtained?

A

Stool, blood, urine, sputum, lumbar puncture, abscess/lesion culture

37
Q

What decides where a gram - specimen is obtained?

A

Nature of the symptoms (eg. diarrhea=stool sample)

38
Q

What media should be used for gram -?

A

Blood or McConkey agar

39
Q

What does a MacConkey agar measure?

A

Lactose fermentation and it has bile

40
Q

Signs of what immune cell in a culture is indicative of bacterial infection?

A

Neutrophils

41
Q

What are signs of viral infections in a blood culture?

A

Elevated leukocyte counts

42
Q

What type of gram bacteria is most common in UTIs?

A

Gram -

Foundations- Block 1 (17 decks)

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