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Foundations- Block 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

A

Emergent Properties

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2
Q

Bulk movement of components out of the cell via a membrane transporter

A

Exocytosis

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3
Q

Bulk movement of substances into a cell via vesicles formed at the plasmalemma

A

Endocytosis

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4
Q

Type of endocytosis where vesicles engulf foreign materials as extensions of pseudopodia

A

Phagocytosis

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5
Q

Endocytosis where vesicles take up interstitial fluid into the cell

A

Pinocytosis

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6
Q

Endocytosis where plasma membrane receptors bind to specific substances, and the substance and receptor are uptaken into the cell

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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7
Q

Triggered/intentional cell death

A

Apoptosis

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8
Q

Rough ER function

A

Modifies, Transports, Sorts proteins produced by attached ribosomes

These proteins are secreted for use in plasma membrane, used as enzymes in lysosomes

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9
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Synthesizes, stores, and transports lipids. Metab of carbohydrates. Forms vesicles and peroxisomes. Detox of toxins (drugs, alcohol, etc).

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Modifies, packages, and stores materials arrived from the Rough ER.

Forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes

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11
Q

Vesicle Function

A

Transportation of cellular materials

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12
Q

Lysosome function

A

Digestion of microbes or cellular materials (or entire cell)

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13
Q

Peroxisome function

A

Detox of specific harmful substances either uptaken or produced by the cell via redox reactions

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14
Q

Mitochondria Function

A

Aerobic synthesis of ATP via glycolysis and ATP synthase reactions

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15
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Protein synthesis via RNA synthase (translation)

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

Maintains cell structure and participates in mitosis/meiosis

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17
Q

Centrosome function

A

Organizes microtubules and participates in mitotic spindle formation

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18
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes that degrade and digest proteins that are faulty (Quality Assurance enzymes)

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19
Q

Inclusions

A

Aggregates of proteins, lipids, carbs, etc to serve as temporary storage sites for these molecules

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20
Q

What organelles are double membrane?

A

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Nucleus

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21
Q

DNA core and histones

A

Nucleosome

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22
Q

Packed nucleosomes in 30-nm chromatin fiber

A

Chromatin

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23
Q

Extended loops of transcriptionally active chromatin that is tethered to a protein scaffold

A

Chromosome

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24
Q

Condensed heterochromatin and dispersed euchromatin

A

Chromatids

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25
Q

The middle section of the chromosome

A

Centromere

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26
Q

Tissue definition

A

A collection of cells and their ECM, have a common embryonic origin, and organized to perform a specific function

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27
Q

Four main tissue types in adults

A

Muscular, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective

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28
Q

Tissue type that lines body surface, cavities, and lumens

A

Epithelial

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29
Q

Subdivision of this tissue type lines body cavities (like plueral, pericardium, etc)

A

Mesothelium

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30
Q

Subtype of one of the four main tissues that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

A

Endothelium

31
Q

Subtype of one of the four main tissues that lines the body wall

A

Epithelium

32
Q

Which type of epithelial tissue secretes products into the lumen, external environment, or blood stream?

A

Secretory epithelium

33
Q

A collection of cell bodies in the PNS

34
Q

Borders of the CNS

A

The CNS is the white and gray matter of the brain and spinal CORD

35
Q

Gel-like connective tissue, can be dense and loose

A

Connective Tissue (CT) proper

36
Q

Solid connective tissue (cartilage and bone)

A

Supportive CT

37
Q

Connective tissue that comprises of blood and lymph

A

Fluid Connective Tissue

38
Q

The hydrophilic molecule that is part of the plasmalemma that keeps the ground substances hydrated

A

Glucosaminoglycans (GAG)

39
Q

Simple Squamous epithelium location

A

Lining of vessels; serous lining of cavities; pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum

40
Q

Simple squamous epithelium function

A

Facilitates movement of viscera; pinocytosis active transport; secretion of bioactive molecules

41
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

A

Ovary covering and thyroid

42
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

A

Covering and secretion

43
Q

Simple columnar epithelium location

A

Large intestine and gallbladder

44
Q

Simple columnar epithelium function

A

Protection, lubrication, absorption, and secretion

45
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized) location

46
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized) function

A

Prevents water loss, protection

47
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) location

A

Mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal

48
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) function

A

Protection, secretion, preventing water loss

49
Q

Stratified cuboidal Epi. Location

A

Sweat glands, developing ovary follicles

50
Q

Stratified cuboidal epi function

A

Protection and secretion

51
Q

Stratified Columnar Epi location

A

Conjunctiva

52
Q

Stratified Columnar Epi Function

A

Protection

53
Q

Stratified Transitional location

A

Ureter, kidney, bladder

54
Q

Stratified transitional function

A

Protection and distensibility

55
Q

Pseudo-stratified Epithelium location

A

Trachea lining, bronchi, nasal cavity

56
Q

Pseudo-stratified Epithelium function

A

Protection, secretion, cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in mucous out of the air passages

57
Q

Type of cell-to-cell junction responsible for preventing paracellular transport

A

Tight junction (zonula occludens)

58
Q

Type of cell-to-cell junction responsible for binding neighboring cells (band-like around circumference)

A

Adherens Junctions (zonula adherens)

59
Q

Type of cell-to-cell junction responsible for focal adhesions to neighboring cells to provide stability

A

Desmosomes (macula adherens)

60
Q

Type of cell-to-cell junction responsible for direct cell-cell transport and communication

A

Gap junctions (nexus)

61
Q

Binds to basal domain and CT; responsible for preventing downward growth; permits nutrient movement between EPI and underlying CT; Facilitates selective permeability of EP

A

Basement membrane

62
Q

Type of cell-to-cell junction responsible for binding epithelial cell to basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

63
Q

Plasmalemma folding that increases the surface area of the cell (epithelium)

64
Q

Ductless glands that deposit secretory products into the blood stream

A

Endocrine (a type of secretory epithelium)

65
Q

Secretory glands that maintain a free connection to the surface via ducts or directly

A

Exocrine (secretory epithelium type)

66
Q

Merocrine definition

A

(AKA eccrine) membrane-bound vesicles fuse to apical membrane and release into lumen

67
Q

Holocrine

A

Secretory products build up in the cytoplasm, cell undergoes apoptosis to release secretions AND cellular debris

68
Q

Apocrine

A

Secretory products and some cytoplasm are released within an envelope of plasmalemma

69
Q

Three types of cell signaling

A

Endocrine, autocrine, paracrine

70
Q

Three secretory portion shapes of the cells

A

Tubular, Tubulo-acinar, acinar

71
Q

Simple duct

A

Single duct with no branching from one of the three main shapes

72
Q

Compound duct

A

Many portion-shaped cells release into one common duct

73
Q

Coiled complexity

A

Secretary cell portion has a “coiled” appearance

74
Q

Branched complexity

A

Multiple secretory cells drain into a duct

Foundations- Block 1 (17 decks)

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