Nutrition

Question 1

What are the two approaches to nutrition?

Answer 1

Food and metabolic based

Question 2

How many kcals are in carbs, protein, and fat? Alcohol?

Answer 2

4 (or 3.4 in an aqeuous sln); 4; 9; 7

Question 3

What are the endogenous sources for carbs? Exogenous?

Answer 3

Endo: glyconeogenesis, glycogenesis

Exo:Plant sources

Question 4

What are the endogenous sources of protein? Exogenous?

Answer 4

Endo: lean-body tissue catalysis and transamination

Exo: animal (complete) and plant (incomplete) foods

Question 5

What are the endogenous and exogenous sources of fat?

Answer 5

Endo: adipose tissue

Exo: animal and plant foods

Question 6

What is the metabolic fate of the three macros?

Answer 6

Carb: H2O, CO2, ATP

Protein: water, CO2, ATP, Nitrogen (as urea)

Fat: H2O, CO2, ATP

Question 7

How many monosaccharides are present in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides? What are some examples of each?

Answer 7

3-10 oligo, 10+ poly

Ex: poly is mostly glycogen and cellulose (starch)

Question 8

What is the recommended % intake of added sugars by the DGA?

Answer 8

10%

Question 9

What are insoluble fibers and how do they affect the GI? Soluble and its effect in the GI?

Answer 9

Insol: cannot dissolve in water; decreased transit time and low/no absorption of bound nutrients to the fiber

Soluble: dissolves in water; forms a gel matrix in gut; slow absorption of nutrients bound to this gel matrix; slower transmission in GI

Question 10

What is a food source for insol and sol fiber?

Answer 10

Cellulose (insoluble) and pectin (soluble)

Question 11

What is the primary function of carbs? What is the cutoff for ketosis? What intermediate does glucose provide to the Creb’s cycle and ATP production?

Answer 11

Energy; <50g carbs/day; OAA

Question 12

What food has the highest biological value of proteins and is commonly used as the reference point for all other protein sources?

Answer 12

Egg albumin

Question 13

What are considered complete plant proteins?

Answer 13

Soy and quinoa

Question 14

What compound is used as the indicator of protein output in the urine?

Answer 14

Urea

Question 15

What dissaccharide is a non-reducing sugar that has a glycosidic linkage between the anomeric carbons? What does “non-reducing” mean?

Answer 15

Sucrose; rings are locked and cannot act to oxidize ions

Question 16

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 16

Vitamin C and B

Question 17

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 17

ADEK

Question 18

What can folic acid and B-12 deficiency cause?

Answer 18

B-12 can cause irreversible nerve damage

Question 19

Which vitamins can be excreted readily? Stored?

Answer 19

Water-sol; fat-sol

Question 20

Interference in fat-absorption in the GI tract can interfere with what?

Answer 20

Fat-sol vitamin absorption

Question 21

What can Vit D be synthesized from? Vit K? Niacin?

Answer 21

Cholesterol; bacterial flora in the gut; tryptophan

Question 22

What can lead to vitamin deficiency?

Answer 22

Malabsorption or lack of dietary intake

Question 23

Which type of vitamins are more likely to be toxic?

Answer 23

Fat-soluble

B-6 and Niacin are also toxic

Question 24

What are some early issues with detecting vitamin deficiencies?

Answer 24

Subclinical deficiency are usually asymptomatic; biomarkers are flawed; is subclinical deficiency a health issue itself?

Question 25

What groups are at risk for toxicity or deficiency?

Answer 25

Alcoholics, elderly, babies, pregnant women, liver/kidney impaired (or other comorbidities)

Question 26

What deficiency results in the following:

Scurvy
Rickettes/Osteomalacia
Beri Beri
Pellagra

Answer 26

Vitamin C
D
Thiamin
Niacin

Question 27

T or F: Symptoms of deficiency are usually indicative of only one vitamin deficiency.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

What can a relatively high dose of niacin do?

Answer 28

Cause nausea, flush skin, itching, nausea, and liver damage

HOWEVER, it also lowers LDL levels and raises HDL

Question 29

What vitamin and amount is produced from 60mg of tryptophan?

Answer 29

1mg niacin (limited tho)

Question 30

What drug is the main cause for B6 deficiency? What does it treat?

Answer 30

Isonaizid (treats tuberculosis)

Question 31

What does B6 toxicity induce? What dose and how long is required to give toxicity?

Answer 31

Irreversible nerve damage; long-term use of >200mg/day

Individual nerve damage is reversible, but ganglion damage isn’t

Question 32

What does folic acid (B12) deficiency cause?

Answer 32

Megaloblastic anemia; neural tube defects (spina bifida during pregnancies)

Question 33

What is the recommended daily intake for folic acid for women who can/plan to become pregnant?

Answer 33

400-800mcg folic acid

Question 34

Prolonged deficiency of Vit A causes what?

Answer 34

Night blindness-> complete blindness

Question 35

What can Vit A toxicity cause?

Answer 35

Deermatitis, hair loss, hemorrhaging, bone malformations, fx

Question 36

What nutritional approach would you use to address deficiencies in specific vitamins or minerals in a diet?

Answer 36

Nutrient-Based Approach

Question 37

What approach considers the fact that individuals eat food, not specific nutrients, and focuses on food groups rather than specific nutrients?

Answer 37

Food-Based Approach

Question 38

What does RDA, DRI, AI, EAR, and UL mean? What method are these terms used with?

Answer 38

Recommended daily allowance
Dietary Reference Intakes
Adequate intake
Estimated Average Requirements
Tolerable Upper Intake;

Nutrient-Based diet plan

Question 39

Changes to what factors are common in Medical Nutrition Therapy

Answer 39

Consistency of diet
energy
type of food
specific food (free or focused) 
energy distribution
number/frequency of meals
route of delivery change

Question 40

What is the difference between parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition?

Answer 40

EN: feeding tube

PN: IV nutrition

Question 41

What nutrient is consumed most under high stress or illness?

Answer 41

Protein