Nutrition Flashcards
What are the two approaches to nutrition?
Food and metabolic based
How many kcals are in carbs, protein, and fat? Alcohol?
4 (or 3.4 in an aqeuous sln); 4; 9; 7
What are the endogenous sources for carbs? Exogenous?
Endo: glyconeogenesis, glycogenesis
Exo:Plant sources
What are the endogenous sources of protein? Exogenous?
Endo: lean-body tissue catalysis and transamination
Exo: animal (complete) and plant (incomplete) foods
What are the endogenous and exogenous sources of fat?
Endo: adipose tissue
Exo: animal and plant foods
What is the metabolic fate of the three macros?
Carb: H2O, CO2, ATP
Protein: water, CO2, ATP, Nitrogen (as urea)
Fat: H2O, CO2, ATP
How many monosaccharides are present in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides? What are some examples of each?
3-10 oligo, 10+ poly
Ex: poly is mostly glycogen and cellulose (starch)
What is the recommended % intake of added sugars by the DGA?
10%
What are insoluble fibers and how do they affect the GI? Soluble and its effect in the GI?
Insol: cannot dissolve in water; decreased transit time and low/no absorption of bound nutrients to the fiber
Soluble: dissolves in water; forms a gel matrix in gut; slow absorption of nutrients bound to this gel matrix; slower transmission in GI
What is a food source for insol and sol fiber?
Cellulose (insoluble) and pectin (soluble)
What is the primary function of carbs? What is the cutoff for ketosis? What intermediate does glucose provide to the Creb’s cycle and ATP production?
Energy; <50g carbs/day; OAA
What food has the highest biological value of proteins and is commonly used as the reference point for all other protein sources?
Egg albumin
What are considered complete plant proteins?
Soy and quinoa
What compound is used as the indicator of protein output in the urine?
Urea
What dissaccharide is a non-reducing sugar that has a glycosidic linkage between the anomeric carbons? What does “non-reducing” mean?
Sucrose; rings are locked and cannot act to oxidize ions
What are the water soluble vitamins?
Vitamin C and B
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
ADEK
What can folic acid and B-12 deficiency cause?
B-12 can cause irreversible nerve damage
Which vitamins can be excreted readily? Stored?
Water-sol; fat-sol
Interference in fat-absorption in the GI tract can interfere with what?
Fat-sol vitamin absorption
What can Vit D be synthesized from? Vit K? Niacin?
Cholesterol; bacterial flora in the gut; tryptophan
What can lead to vitamin deficiency?
Malabsorption or lack of dietary intake
Which type of vitamins are more likely to be toxic?
Fat-soluble
B-6 and Niacin are also toxic
What are some early issues with detecting vitamin deficiencies?
Subclinical deficiency are usually asymptomatic; biomarkers are flawed; is subclinical deficiency a health issue itself?
What groups are at risk for toxicity or deficiency?
Alcoholics, elderly, babies, pregnant women, liver/kidney impaired (or other comorbidities)
What deficiency results in the following:
Scurvy
Rickettes/Osteomalacia
Beri Beri
Pellagra
Vitamin C
D
Thiamin
Niacin
T or F: Symptoms of deficiency are usually indicative of only one vitamin deficiency.
False
What can a relatively high dose of niacin do?
Cause nausea, flush skin, itching, nausea, and liver damage
HOWEVER, it also lowers LDL levels and raises HDL
What vitamin and amount is produced from 60mg of tryptophan?
1mg niacin (limited tho)
What drug is the main cause for B6 deficiency? What does it treat?
Isonaizid (treats tuberculosis)
What does B6 toxicity induce? What dose and how long is required to give toxicity?
Irreversible nerve damage; long-term use of >200mg/day
Individual nerve damage is reversible, but ganglion damage isn’t
What does folic acid (B12) deficiency cause?
Megaloblastic anemia; neural tube defects (spina bifida during pregnancies)
What is the recommended daily intake for folic acid for women who can/plan to become pregnant?
400-800mcg folic acid
Prolonged deficiency of Vit A causes what?
Night blindness-> complete blindness
What can Vit A toxicity cause?
Deermatitis, hair loss, hemorrhaging, bone malformations, fx
What nutritional approach would you use to address deficiencies in specific vitamins or minerals in a diet?
Nutrient-Based Approach
What approach considers the fact that individuals eat food, not specific nutrients, and focuses on food groups rather than specific nutrients?
Food-Based Approach
What does RDA, DRI, AI, EAR, and UL mean? What method are these terms used with?
Recommended daily allowance Dietary Reference Intakes Adequate intake Estimated Average Requirements Tolerable Upper Intake;
Nutrient-Based diet plan
Changes to what factors are common in Medical Nutrition Therapy
Consistency of diet energy type of food specific food (free or focused) energy distribution number/frequency of meals route of delivery change
What is the difference between parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition?
EN: feeding tube
PN: IV nutrition
What nutrient is consumed most under high stress or illness?
Protein
