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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How do muscles produce movement?

A

Through contraction

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2
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated

Involuntary - regulated by ANS

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3
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Non-striated

Involuntary - regulated by ANS

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated
Voluntary - regulated by somatic nervous system
Multi-nucleated (nuclei at periphery)
Needs nervous stimulation to initiate contraction
Motor units present

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5
Q

What is the transmitter of the neuromuscular junction?

A

ACh

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6
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Single alpha motor neurone which innervates many muscle fibres.
The number of muscle fibres per motor unit varies depending on the functions of the muscle

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7
Q

Muscles which serve fine movements (facial expression, intrinsic hand muscles) have LOTS/FEW fibres per motor unit?

A

Few

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8
Q

When power (e.g. thigh muscles) is more important than precision, there are LOTS/FEW fibres per motor unit?

A

Lots

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle organisation

A

Muscle fibres are held together by loose connective tissue.

Each muscle fibre = 1 muscle cell

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10
Q

Contractile units within muscle fibres?

A 
Myofibrils 
contain actin (thin, light) and myosin (thick, dark) filaments
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11
Q

Functional units of skeletal muscles?

And where are they found?

A

Sarcomeres

Found between 2 Z-Z lines

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12
Q

Z lines

A

Connect the thin filaments of 2 joining sarcomeres

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13
Q

A band

A

Made up of thick filaments

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14
Q

H zone

A

Lighter area in the middle of A band

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15
Q

M line

A

Extends vertically down the middle of an A band

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16
Q

I band

A

Remaining portion of thin filaments

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17
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

Sliding of actin filaments on myosin filaments.

ATP and calcium are needed

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18
Q

Cross bridge formation - muscle contraction

A

Calcium binds to troponin causing a conformational change.

This exposes the actin and myosin binding site so cross bridging occurs

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19
Q

Muscle relaxation

A

Calcium unbinds from Troponin and cross bridges between actin and myosin break.
ATP is required

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20
Q

If the muscle is stimulated continuously, it produces a STRONGER/WEAKER contraction

A

Stronger

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21
Q

Skeletal muscle action potential

A

The tension increases with increasing frequency of stimulation.
(if a skeletal muscle is stimulated once, a single twitch is produced. but if a skeletal muscle receives a second stimulation before it has time to completely relax, then greater muscle tension is developed.

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22
Q

What is tetanus?

A

A sustained contraction which occurs if a skeletal muscle is stimulated rapidly and it doesn’t have an opportunity to relax

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23
Q

Skeletal muscle optimum length

A

Resting length

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24
Q

Isotonic contraction of skeletal muscle

A

Length of muscle changes
Muscle tension remains constant
eg: body movements

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25
Q

Isometric contraction of skeletal muscle

A

Length of muscle constant
Muscle tension changes
eg: maintaining body posture

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26
Q

ATP production in skeletal muscle fibres

A

Transfer of high energy phosphate from creatinine phosphate to ADP (immediate source of ATP)

Oxidative phosphorylation produces an abundance of ATP (when O2 present)

Gycolysis produces ATP (when O2 absent)

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27
Q

Slow oxidative skeletal muscle fibres (type 1)

A

Low myosin ATPase activity, so contraction is slow
Lots of mitochondria -> lots of oxidative phosphorylation
Used for prolonged relatively low work aerobic activities (e.g.: walking)

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28
Q

Fast glycolytic muscle fibres (type IIb)

A

High myosin ATPase activity, so contraction is fast
Few mitochondria -> rely on glycolysis to get ATP
Mainly used for short term high intensity activities (jumping)

29
Q

Fast oxidative skeletal muscle fibres (type IIa)

A

Mixture of type I and type IIb.
High myosin ATPase activity, contraction is fast
Lots of mitochondria -> lots of oxidative phosphorylation
Use aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
Mainly used for prolonged activity (e.g. jogging)

30
Q

Function of synovial fluid

A

Lubricates joint - minimises wear and tear
Facilitates joint movement by reducing friction
Supplies chondrocytes with oxygen and nutrients

31
Q

Rapid movement causes an INCREASE/DECREASE in synovial fluid viscosity?

32
Q

Rapid movement causes an INCREASE/DECREASE in synovial fluid elasticity?

33
Q

Gross appearance of normal synovial fluid

A

Clear, colourless

34
Q

Gross appearance of trauma related synovial fluid

35
Q

Gross appearance of mildly synovial inflammation

A

Slightly yellow

36
Q

Gross appearance of severe synovial inflammation

A

Opaque, cloudy

37
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Semi-rigid, deformable, permeable

No blood supply

38
Q

Hyaline (articular) cartilage - where is it found?

A

Tracheal rings, costal cartilages, epiphyseal growth plate during development

39
Q

Hyaline (articular) cartilage - function?

A

Covers articular surfaces of bones
Prevents wear and tear
Distributes pressure

40
Q

Hyaline (articular) cartilage - composition?

A

Elastic

Sponge-like properties

41
Q

Elastic cartilage - where is it found?

42
Q

Elastic cartilage - function?

A

Flexible

Bounces back into shape

43
Q

Cartilage components

A

Water
Collagen - mainly type II
Proteoglycans - responsible for compressive properties

44
Q

What is fibrocartilage

A

Hybrid between hyaline and tendon cartilage
Bands of densely packed type I collagen
eg: intervertebral discs

45
Q

Catabolic factors of cartilage matrix turnover

A

Stimulate proteolytic enzymes

Inhibit proteoglycan synthesis

46
Q

Anabolic factors of cartilage matrix turnover

A

Stimulate proteoglycan synthesis

47
Q

Markers of cartilage degeneration

A

Increased levels of type II collagen in synovial fluid (e.g. from cartilage erosion)
Increased levels of serum & synovial keratin sulphate

48
Q

Bone

A

Rigid, not permeable, has a blood supply

49
Q

Functions of bone

A

Support
Protection
Calcium store

50
Q

Outer layer of bone

A

Cortical bone

Makes up diaphysis (shaft)

51
Q

Inner layer of bone

A

Spongey

Fine meshwork of bone (aero bar appearance)

52
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Stereotyped response to a specific stimulus

53
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Causes contraction of stretched muscle

54
Q

How to elicit a stretch reflex

A

Tap the muscle tendon with a rubber hammer. this rapidly stretches the muscle resulting in its contraction

55
Q

Knee jerk

  • nerve involved
  • spinal nerve roots involved
A

Femoral nerve

L3, L4

56
Q

Ankle jerk

  • nerve involved
  • spinal nerve roots involved
A

Tibial nerve

S1, S2

57
Q

Biceps jerk

  • nerve involved
  • spinal nerve roots involved
A

Musculocutaneous nerve

C5, C6

58
Q

Intrafusal fibres

A

Muscle spindles

59
Q

Extrafusal fibres

A

Ordinary muscle fibres

60
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

Serves as an immediate warning that tissues have been damaged and could get damaged further
Protective signal
Initiates a withdrawal reflex

61
Q

Nociceptors

A

First order neurones that relay information to second order neurones.
The second order neurones ascend the spinal cord via 2 possible tracts to get to the CNS
- STT (spinothalmic tract) which transmits fast A-fibre
- SRT (spinoreticular tract) which transmits slow C-fibre

62
Q

What are nociceptors activated by?

A

Intense stimuli

63
Q

Inflammatory pain

A

Caused by activation of the immune system in injury or infection
Assists in healing of a damaged body part

64
Q

Pathological pain

A

Results from abnormal nervous system function

65
Q

Neuropathic pathological pain

A

Ongoing abnormal neuronal activity which results in spontaneous pain
(eg stroke)

66
Q

Dysfunctional pathological pain

A

No precipitating cause

67
Q

2 sub-types of nociceptor?

A

Alpha fibres

C-fibres

68
Q

Nociceptor alpha fibres

A

mediate fast pain which is localised (stabbing) and very painful

69
Q

Nociceptor C fibres

A

Mediate slow pain which is generalised (cramping)

MSK SOH (24 decks)

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