Physiology

Question 1

Layers of the epidermis

Answer 1

stratum corneum
granular layer
prickle cell layer
basal layer

Question 2

cells in the stratum corneum

Answer 2

keratinocytes, corneocytes

Question 3

what is a corneocyte

Answer 3

hardened dead keratinocyte

Question 4

soluble factors in stratum corneum

Answer 4

filaggrin, odland lamellar bodies, involucrin

Question 5

which layer of the epidermis has the highest lipid content

Answer 5

granular layer

Question 6

is the stratum corneum hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Answer 6

hydrophilic

Question 7

is the granular layer hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Answer 7

hydrophobic

Question 8

where is a langerhan cell found

Answer 8

epidermis, mainly prickle cell layer

Question 9

what is a langerhan cell

Answer 9

dendritic APC

Question 10

what is a birbeck granule

Answer 10

tennis racket shape, unknown function, in langerhan cells

Question 11

how thick is basal layer

Answer 11

1 cell thick

Question 12

which layer of epidermis is most metabolically active

Answer 12

basal layer

Question 13

what is the melanocyte: basal cell ratio

Answer 13

1:10

Question 14

in which layer of the epidermis are melanocytes found

Answer 14

basal layer

Question 15

function of melanocytes

Answer 15

dendritic, convert tyrosine -> melanin, cap protects nuclear DNA

Question 16

what do melanocytes look like on histology

Answer 16

pale

Question 17

DEJ function

Answer 17

anchorage, adhesion, basal cell differentiation

Question 18

where are meissner’s corpuscles found

Answer 18

dermis

Question 19

where are pacinian corpuscles found

Answer 19

subcutis

Question 20

meissner’s corpuscles function

Answer 20

sense vibration

Question 21

pacinian corpuscles function

Answer 21

sense pressure

Question 22

contents of dermis

Answer 22

collagen, fibroblasts, lymphatics, blood vessels

Question 23

what germ layer is the dermis formed from

Answer 23

mesoderm

Question 24

where are sebaceous glands found

Answer 24

face/chest/back

Question 25

where are apocrine glands found

Answer 25

axillae/perineum

Question 26

where are eccrine glands found

Answer 26

whole skin surface except soles and palms

Question 27

sebaceous gland function

Answer 27

produce sebum, adjacent pilosebaceous unit, hormone sensitive

Question 28

apocrine gland function

Answer 28

produce odor, androgen dependent

Question 29

eccrine gland

Answer 29

sympathetic cholinergic, sweat

Question 30

skin commensals

Answer 30

s. epidermidis, cornebacterium (diptheriod), proprionobacterium in axilla

Question 31

hair growth phases

Answer 31

anagen growing, catagen involuting, telogen resting

Question 32

define hyperkeratosis

Answer 32

> keratin layer thickness

Question 33

define parakeratosis

Answer 33

persistence of nuclei in keratin layer

Question 34

define papillomatosis

Answer 34

irregular epithelial thickening

Question 35

define spongiosis

Answer 35

oedema between squames, increased prickle cell layer +- fluid vesicles

Question 36

what does spongiosis look like on histology

Answer 36

white spaces

Question 37

wound healing stages

Answer 37

inflammation, proliferation, remodelling

Question 38

where would you use a lotion

Answer 38

hairy area

Question 39

difference between cream and ointment

Answer 39

cream has higher water content & contains preservatives compared to ointment

Question 40

where would you used a gel

Answer 40

hairy area

Question 41

factors affecting drug absorption across stratrum corneum

Answer 41

stratum corneum thickness, vehicle, skin hydration, epidermis integrity

Question 42

fastest rate of drug absorption

Answer 42

lipophilic drug in hydrophilic vehicle

Question 43

keratolytic example

Answer 43

salicylic acid ointment

Question 44

keratolytic uses

Answer 44

viral warts, eczema, psoriasis, callus

Question 45

antiseptic examples

Answer 45

povidone iodine, hydrogen peroxide

Question 46

glucocorticoids; vasoconstrict or vasodilate

Answer 46

vasoconstrict

Question 47

glucocorticoid mechanism

Answer 47

Lipophilic (diffuse across membrane), in cytoplasm combine with GRα, translocate to nucleus, bind to glucocorticoid response elements GRE in promoter region of genes; transcription switched on/off to alter mRNA levels.

Question 48

glucocorticoids lipophilic or hydrophilic

Answer 48

lipophilic

Question 49

glucocorticoids use

Answer 49

eczema, psoriasis, lichen planus, keloids, hypertrophic scare

Question 50

glucocorticoid SE

Answer 50

steroid reboud, skin atrophy, immune suppression, stretch marks, rosacea, depression, purpura, perioral dermatitis, telangiectasia, glaucoma

Question 51

what is an excipient

Answer 51

not active ingredient, enhances absorption

Question 52

what is the excipient in glucocorticoids

Answer 52

propylene glycol

Question 53

which t cells are in epidermis

Answer 53

cd8+

Question 54

which t cells are in dermis

Answer 54

cd8+ & cd4+

Question 55

examples of mast cell degranulation stimuli

Answer 55

substance P, allergen, codeine, IgE, anti-IgE

Question 56

things released by mast cell degranulation

Answer 56

tryptase, heparin, histamine, IL3, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL8, IL13, TNF-a, platelet activating factor, prostaglandin D2, leukotrienes

Question 57

virulence factor definition

Answer 57

component of pathogen increasing virulence

Question 58

virulence factor examples

Answer 58

toxin, adhesin

Question 59

adhesin definition

Answer 59

enables organism binding to host tissue, ECM molecules on epithelial surfaces & in blood clots

Question 60

adhesin examples

Answer 60

fibrinogen-binding protein, collagen-binding protein CAN

Question 61

invasin definition

Answer 61

enables organism to invade host

Question 62

impedin definition

Answer 62

enables organism to avoid host defense mechanisms

Question 63

aggressin definition

Answer 63

damage to host directly

Question 64

modulin definition

Answer 64

damage to host indirectly

Question 65

what type of epithelium is in the epidermis

Answer 65

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

Question 66

what cell type migrates from the neural crest

Answer 66

melanoblasts

Question 67

function of a merkel cell

Answer 67

mechanoreceptors for light touch

Question 68

where are merkel cells located

Answer 68

basal layer

Question 69

what is the function of a melanocyte

Answer 69

convert tyrosine to melanin, cap protects DNA

Question 70

what type of cell produces collagen

Answer 70

fibroblasts