Anatomy

Question 1

where does the popliteal artery split to its branches

Answer 1

within the popliteal fossa

Question 2

what are the names of the popliteal artery branches

Answer 2

anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery

Question 3

what artery is the dorsalis pedis a continuation of

Answer 3

anterior tibial artery

Question 4

what artery to the medial and lateral plantar arteries bifurcate off of

Answer 4

posterior tibial artery

Question 5

what are the branches of the brachial artery

Answer 5

radial artery and ulnar arery

Question 6

where does the brachial artery split to its branches

Answer 6

cubital fossa

Question 7

how many digital arteries are there per digit

Answer 7

4

Question 8

what is the definition of end artery

Answer 8

The only blood supply to a given area of the body

Question 9

what is the risk in end arteries

Answer 9

occlusion leading to infarction

Question 10

what drug should be avoided in end arteries

Answer 10

adrenaline-containing local anaesthetic

Question 11

how to limit blood loss in trauma

Answer 11

apply a tourniquet proximal to site of injury

Question 12

where to palpate common carotid artery

Answer 12

Anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle at level of upper border of thyroid cartilage

Question 13

where to palpate brachial artery

Answer 13

medial to biceps tendon in the cubital fossa

Question 14

where to palpate radial artery

Answer 14

lateral to tendon of flexor carpi radialis

Question 15

where to palpate femoral artery

Answer 15

inferior to midpoint of inguinal ligament

Question 16

where to palpate popliteal artery

Answer 16

in popliteal fossa (immediately posterior to knee joint)

Question 17

where to palpate posterior tibial artery

Answer 17

between the posterior border of the medial malleolus & the achilles tendon

Question 18

where to palpate dorsalis pedis artery

Answer 18

medial to tendon of extensor hallucis longus distal to the ankle joint

Question 19

define ischaemia

Answer 19

Inadequate oxygenation of cells/tissues/organ due to an interruption to blood supply

Question 20

what is the pathology of increased venous drainage pressure

Answer 20

back pressure into capillary bed then into the arterion, preventing normal arterial in-flow

Question 21

are superficial or deep veins thicker

Answer 21

deep veins

Question 22

where do superficial veins run

Answer 22

in superficial fascia

Question 23

where do deep veins runs

Answer 23

deep to deep fascia and in body cavities

Question 24

what is forms superficial fascia

Answer 24

Loose connective tissue and fat

Question 25

what is contained in superficial fascia

Answer 25

Superficial blood vessels, cutaneous nerves, lymphatics and sweat glands

Question 26

what is the function of deep fascia in relation to the limbs

Answer 26

forms intermuscular septa and invests muscles

Question 27

what colour is deep fascia

Answer 27

white

Question 28

what is deep fascia formed of

Answer 28

Dense connective tissue

Question 29

what are the names of deep fascia of the upper limb

Answer 29

pectoral fascia, deltoid fascia, brachial fascia, antebrachial fascia

Question 30

what are the names of the deep fascia of the lower limb

Answer 30

fascia lata (thigh), iliotibial tract, crural fascia (leg)

Question 31

name the superficial veins of the upper limbs

Answer 31

cephalic veins, basilic vein, median cubital veins, dorsal venous network

Question 32

what does the cephalic vein arise from

Answer 32

dorsal venus network

Question 33

where does the cephalic vein run

Answer 33

deltopectoral groove on lateral aspect of limb

Question 34

what does the cephalic vein drain to

Answer 34

axillary vein

Question 35

what vein does the axillary vein become and where

Answer 35

Becomes subclavian at lateral border of rib 1

Question 36

what does the basilic vein arise from

Answer 36

dorsal venous network

Question 37

where does the basilic vein run

Answer 37

medial aspect of upper limb

Question 38

what and where does the basilic vein drain to

Answer 38

into brachial vein at level of mid-arm

Question 39

what superficial vein of the arm is present in 20% of people

Answer 39

Median vein of forearm

Question 40

name the superficial veins of the lower li,b

Answer 40

great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein, dorsal venous arch

Question 41

what does the great saphenous vein arise from

Answer 41

dorsal venous arch

Question 42

where does the great saphenous vein run

Answer 42

medial aspect of limb

Question 43

what and where does the great saphenous vein drain

Answer 43

into femoral vein around femoral triangle

Question 44

what does the small saphenous vein arise from

Answer 44

dorsal venous arch

Question 45

where does the small saphenous vein run

Answer 45

posterior midline of leg

Question 46

what and where does the small saphenous vein drain to

Answer 46

to popliteal vein posterior to knee

Question 47

what are the only unilateral deep veins

Answer 47

SVC and IVC

Question 48

what does the IVC branch to

Answer 48

common iliac veins

Question 49

what do the common iliac veins branch to

Answer 49

internal and external iliac veins

Question 50

name the deep veins of the lower limb

Answer 50

femoral vein, deep femoral vein, popliteal vein, fibular vein, anterior & posterior tibial vein, plantar arch

Question 51

name the deep veins of the upper limb

Answer 51

subclavian vein, axillary vein, brachial vein, radial vein, ulnar vein, superficial & deep palmar venous arches

Question 52

what physiological mechanism involves skeletal muscles increases venous return

Answer 52

musculovenous pump

Question 53

what is the function of venous valves

Answer 53

Ensure unidirectional blood flow against gravity

Question 54

what pathology occurs when venous valves become incompetent

Answer 54

flow reverses into superficial veins causing varicosity

Question 55

what veins link superficial and deep veins

Answer 55

perforating veins

Question 56

what are the risks of chronic venous insufficiency

Answer 56

deep venous stasis and superficial microcirculatory deficiencies

Question 57

what condition is caused by superficial microcirculatory deficiences

Answer 57

skin ulceration

Question 58

what condition is caused by deep venous stasis

Answer 58

thrombosis/embolism

Question 59

where is the commonest site of venous ulceration

Answer 59

gaiter area: medial aspect of distal leg

Question 60

what happens in an embolism in a pulmonary artery

Answer 60

Infarction of one lung

Question 61

what happens in an embolism in the pulmonary trunk (a saddle embolus)

Answer 61

Complete occlusion arrests the circulation

Question 62

in which vessels does a DVT arise

Answer 62

Anterior/posterior tibial veins or fibular vein

Question 63

where are deep lymphatics of the upper limblocated

Answer 63

Follow deep veins of upper limb

Question 64

what do superficial lymphatics of the upper limb arise rom

Answer 64

plexuses in fingers and hand

Question 65

where are superficial lymphatics of the upper limb located

Answer 65

Follow cephalic and basilic veins

Question 66

where do superficial basilic nodes drain to

Answer 66

cubital LN then lateral axillary LN

Question 67

where do superficial cephalic nodes drain to

Answer 67

apical axillary LN

Question 68

where do deep lymphatics of the upper limb drain to

Answer 68

lateral axillary LN

Question 69

where do lateral and apical axillary LN drain to

Answer 69

subclavian lymphatics

Question 70

where are the superficial lymphatics of lower limb

Answer 70

Follow saphenous veins

Question 71

where do lymphatics around the great saphenous vein drain to

Answer 71

superficial inguinal LN then to external iliac LN or deep inguinal LN

Question 72

where do lymphatics around the small saphenous vein drain to

Answer 72

popliteal LN then deep inguinal LN then external iliac LN

Question 73

where do external iliac LN drain to

Answer 73

common iliac nodes

Question 74

complications of elliptical incision

Answer 74

nerve injury or bleeding

Question 75

what are Langer lines

Answer 75

skin tension lines

Question 76

what angle of oval in an ellipitcal excision

Answer 76

30 degree

Question 77

what type of suture is used to shut elliptical excision

Answer 77

simple interrupted sutures