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Abs MSK > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

three types of muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

striated muscle

A

cardiac and skeletal

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3
Q

unstriated muscle

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

how is striation visualised under a microscope

A

alternating dark bands (myosin) and light bands (actin)

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5
Q

voluntary muscles innervated by somatic nervous system

A

skeletal

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6
Q

involuntary muscles innervated by ANS

A

cardiac and smooth

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7
Q

where and when is calcium released from

A

lateral sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum when surface action potential spreads down transverse t tubules

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8
Q

what is a motor unit

A

single alpha motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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9
Q

do muscles which serve for fine movement have more or fewer fibres per motor unit?

A

fewer

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10
Q

levels of muscle organisation

A

muscle - muscle fibre - myofibril - sarcomere

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11
Q

light appearance in myofibril

A

actin

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12
Q

dark appearance in myofibril

A

myosin

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13
Q

what are the functional units of muscle

A

sarcomeres

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14
Q

what is the functional unit of any organ

A

the smallest component capable of performing all the functions of that organ

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15
Q

What is an A band

A

thick filaments along with portions of thin filaments that overlap in both ends of thick filaments

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16
Q

What is an H zone

A

lighter area within middle of A band where thin filaments don’t reach

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17
Q

What is an M line

A

extends vertically down middle of A band within the centre of H zone

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18
Q

What is an I band

A

consists of remaining portion of thin filaments that do not project in A band

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19
Q

what produces muscle tension

A

sliding of actin on myosin

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20
Q

factors determining gradation of skeletal muscle

A

number of muscle fibres contracting within the muscle and tension developed by each contracting muscle fibre

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21
Q

Prolonged muscle contraction resulting from many APs in a short time

A

tetanus

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22
Q

can cardiac muscle be tetanised?

A

no

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23
Q

name for a single contraction in skeletal muscle

A

twitch

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24
Q

two types of skeletal muscle contraction

A

isotonic and isometric

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25
Q

what is isotonic contraction used for

A

body movements and moving objects

muscle tension constant when muscle length changes

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26
Q

what is isometric contraction used for

A

supporting objects in fixed positions and maintaining body posture
muscle tension develops at constant muscle length

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27
Q

Knee jerk

A

spinal segment L3/4

femoral nerve

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28
Q

Ankle Jerk

A

S1/2

tibial nerve

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29
Q

Biceps jerk

A

C5/6

musculocutaneous nerve

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30
Q

brachioradialis jerk

A

C5/6

radial nerve

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31
Q

Triceps jerk

A

C6/7

radial nerve

32
Q

what are the sensory receptors for the stretch reflex

A

muscle spindles/intrafusal fibres

33
Q

Type 1 fibres

A

slow oxidative

prolonged relatively low-work aerobic activities - posture, walking

34
Q

Type 2a fibres

A

fast oxidative

aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and useful in prolonged relatively moderate work activities - jogging

35
Q

Type 2x fibres

A

fast glycolytic

anaerobic metabolism, used for short term high intensity activities like jumping

36
Q

stages of synaptic transmission

A 
synthesis 
storage 
release 
receptor activation 
transmitter inactivation
37
Q

neurotransmitter at NMJ

A

acetylcholine

38
Q

end plate potential (epp)

A

depolarisation of skeletal muscle fibres as a result of neurotransmitter binding to postsynaptic membrane in NMJ

39
Q

electrical response to one quantum of transmitter

A

miniature end plate potential (mepp)

40
Q

auto-antibodies in neuromyotonia (Isaac’s syndrome)

A

voltage activated potassium channels in the motor neurone

41
Q

auto-antibodies in Lambert-Eaton myesthenic syndrome

A

voltage activated calcium channels in motor neurone terminal

42
Q

auto-antibodies in myasthenia Gravis

A

nicotinic ACh receptors in the endplate

43
Q

drugs for neuromyotonia

A

anti-convulsants

44
Q

drugs for Lambert Eaton syndrome

A

anticholinesterases and potassium channel blockers

45
Q

drugs for myasthenia gravis

A

anticholinesterases in diagnosis and pyridostigimine for long term treatment along with immunosuppressants

46
Q

three main types of joint

A

fibrous (synarthrosis)
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)
synovial (diarthrosis)

47
Q

why does synovial fluid have a high viscosity?

A

due to presence of hyaluronic acid

48
Q

functions of synovial fluid (5)

A

lubrication
facilitates joint movement
minimises wear and tear
aids in nutrition of articular cartilage
supplies chondrocytes with O2 and nutrients and removes CO2 and waste

49
Q

structure of ECM of articular cartilage

A

water, collagen and proteoglycans

50
Q

function of water in ECM

A

maintains resiliency of tissue and contributes to nutrition and lubrication system

51
Q

function of collagen in ECM

A

tensile stiffness and strength

52
Q

function of proteoglycan in ECM

A

responsible for compressive properties associated with load bearing

53
Q

how do chondrocytes receive nutrients and oxygen?

A

via synovial fluid because articular cartilage is avascular

54
Q

catabolic factors of cartilage matrix turnover

A

stimulate proteolytic enzymes and inhibit proteoglycan synthesis e.g. TNFa and IL1

55
Q

anabolic factors of cartilage matrix turnover

A

stimulate proteoglycan synthesis and counteract effects of IL1 e.g. TGFb and IGF1

56
Q

markers of cartilage breakdown

A

serum and synovial keratin sulphate and type 2 collagen

57
Q

three types of pain

A

nociceptive
inflammatory
pathological

58
Q

adaptive pain

A

nociceptive

inflammatory

59
Q

maladaptive pain

A

pathological

60
Q

pain responsible for withdrawal reflex

A

nociceptive

61
Q

pain which is activated by the immune system

A

inflammatory

62
Q

pain which results from abnormal nervous system function

A

pathological

63
Q

subtypes of nociceptor

A

A-delta fibres

C fibres

64
Q

A-delta fibres

A

thinly myelinated
mechanical/thermal nociceptors
mediate fast/first pain

65
Q

C fibres

A

unmyelinated

second or slow pain

66
Q

subset of C fibres

A

peptidergic polymodal nociceptors

afferent and efferent

67
Q

function of afferent C fibres

A

transmit nociceptive information from CNS via release of glutamate and peptides within dorsal horn

68
Q

function of efferent C fibres

A

release pro-inflammatory mediators from peripheral terminals - neurogenic inflammation

69
Q

Two peptides involved in neurogenic inflammation

A

SP and CGRP

70
Q

function of SP

A

causes vasodilation and extravastion of plasma proteins and a release of histamine from mast cells and sensitisation of surrounding nociceptors

71
Q

function of CGRP

A

induces vasodilation

72
Q

primary neurotransmitter in dorsal horn

A

glutamate

73
Q

in which laminae of Rexed do nociceptive c and a-delta fibres terminate

A

I and II

74
Q

Cells receiving A-beta fibres are

A

proprioceptive

75
Q

two major nociceptive tracts

A

spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts

76
Q

what does spinothalamic tract detect

A

where is the pain coming from and how bad is it

77
Q

what does spinoreticular tract detect

A

autonomic responses to pain - emotional side, how bad is it etc.
largely transmits slow C fibre pain

Abs MSK (14 decks)

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