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Abs MSK > Foot and Ankle problems > Flashcards

Foot and Ankle problems Flashcards

1
Q

what causes ankle OA

A

may be idiopathic/primary or as a consequence of a previous injury

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2
Q

2 surgical options for ankle OA

A

arthrodesis and ankle replacement

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3
Q

pros/cons arthrodesis

A

perhaps more reliable than replacement

re-operation rates much lower

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4
Q

pros/cons ankle replacement

A

better functional outcome
high rates of early loosening, component sinkage and failure
should be reserved for elderly patients

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5
Q

what is hallux valgus

A

deformity of the great toe due to medial deviation of 1st metatarsal and lateral deviation of the toe itself

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6
Q

risk factors for hallux valgus

A

female
RA
other inflammatory arthropathies
neuromuscular disease

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7
Q

what is a bunion

A

inflamed bursa over the medial 1st metatarsal

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8
Q

what is hallux rigidus

A

1st metatarsophalangeal joint OA

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9
Q

what causes hallux rigidus

A

can be primary (degenerative) or secondary to osteochondral injury

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10
Q

treatment of hallux rigidus

A

wearing of a stiff-soled shoe to limit motion of a joint
removal of osteophytes
gold standard surgical treatment is arthrodesis

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11
Q

what is Morton’s neuroma

A

when plantar interdigital nerves overlying the intermetatarsal ligaments become swollen and inflamed due to repeated trauma

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12
Q

complaint in mortons neuroma

A

burning pain and tingling sensation radiating to the affected toes

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13
Q

what is mulders click test

A

squeezing forefoot reproduces symptoms or produces characteristic click on Mortons neuroma

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14
Q

diagnosis in mortons neuroma

A

USS - shows swollen nerve

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15
Q

management of Mortons neuroma

A

metatarsal pad or offloading insole
steroid/local anaesthetic injection
neuromas can be excised

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16
Q

most common place for metatarsal stress fracture

A

2nd met followed by 3rd

17
Q

how long before a fracture may occur on X-ray and what will be seen

A

3 weeks

resorption at fracture ends or callus appears

18
Q

treatment for stress fracture

A

prolonged rest 6-12wks in rigid soled boot

19
Q

predisposing factors to tendonitis

A

quinolone antibiotic use, RA, other inflammatory arthropathies and gout

20
Q

why should steroid injections not be administered around the Achilles tendon

A

risk of rupture

21
Q

presentation of plantar fasciitis

A

pain with walking felt on instep of foot, with localised tenderness on palpation of this site

22
Q

what is pes planus

A

flat foot

23
Q

in what percentage of the population is pes planus a normal variant

A

20%

24
Q

why does pes planus occur in some individuals

A

medial arch fails to develop in childhood

25
Q

what are flat footed people at higher risk of

A

tendonitis of tibialis posterior tendon

26
Q

what causes acquired flat foot

A

tibialis posterior stretch or rupture, RA or diabetes with Charcot foot

27
Q

what does the tibialis posterior tendon do

A

support the medial arch of the foot

28
Q

what is pes cavus

A

abnormally high arch of the foot

29
Q

what often causes pes cavus

A

neuromuscular conditions

30
Q

what often accompanies pes cavus

A

claw toes

31
Q

treatment for pain from pes cavus

A

soft tissue release and tendon transfer or calcaneal osteotomy
severe cases may require arthrodesis

32
Q

why do claw and hammer toe occur

A

acquired imbalance between flexor and extensor tendons

33
Q

features of claw toe

A

hyperextension at MTPJ with hyperflexion at PIPJ and DIPJ

34
Q

features of hammer toe

A

hyperextension at MTPJ with hyperflexion at PIPJ and hyperextension at DIPJ

35
Q

surgical solutions for claw and hammer toe

A

tenotomy, tendon transfer, arthrodesis or toe amputation

Abs MSK (14 decks)

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