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Respiratory > Physiology 4 > Flashcards

Physiology 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Oxygen picked up by blood at the ___ must be transported to the ___ for use in ___.

A

lungs , tissue , cells

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2
Q

Carbon dioxide produced in ___ must be transported to the ___ for removal from the body.

A

tissues , lungs

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3
Q

Name two factors which account for the difference in partial pressure of oxygen between the alveoli are arterioles?

A
  1. Unbalance in ventilation/perfusion ratio

2. Shunting of blood

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4
Q

Describe Henry’s Law.

A

The amount of gas which will dissolve in a liquid (e.g blood) is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

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5
Q

How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Bound to haemoglobin

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6
Q

What is the normal oxygen concentration in arterial blood (in ml/L)?

A

200ml/L

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7
Q

What percentage of oxygen is transported in the blood bound to haemoglobin?

A

98.5%

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8
Q

What percentage of oxygen is transported in the blood in its dissolved form?

A

1.5%

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9
Q

Haemoglobin binds _____ to oxygen.

A

reversibly

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10
Q

How many haem groups does an adult haemoglobin molecule have?

A

4

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11
Q

How many oxygen molecules does a haem group carry?

A

1

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12
Q

Haemoglobin is fully saturated when __ of its haem groups have an oxygen bound.

A

4

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13
Q

What term is used for a haemoglobin molecule with all four of its subunits bound to oxygen?

A

Fully saturated

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14
Q

What is the primary factor which determines the percentage saturation of haemoglobin?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)

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15
Q

What shape is the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Sigmoidal

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16
Q

Is saturation related to haemoglobin concentration?

A

No

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17
Q

Write a word equation for Oxygen Delivery Index (DO2I).

A

Oxygen delivery index = Oxygen content of arterial blood x Cardiac index

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18
Q

What is cardiac index?

A

Relates the cardiac output to the body’s surface area (i.e size of the individual)

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19
Q

What are the units of cardiac index?

A

L/min/metre^2

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20
Q

What are the units of Oxygen content of arterial blood?

A

ml/L

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21
Q

What are the units are Oxygen Delivery Index?

A

ml/min/metre^2

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22
Q

What is the normal range for cardiac index?

A

2.4 - 4.2 L/min/metre^2

23
Q

What is the equation used to obtain oxygen content of arterial blood (CaO2)?

A

CaO2 = 1.34 x [Hb] x SaO2 (percentage haemoglobin saturation)

24
Q

What determines the percentage haemoglobin saturation?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

25
Q

Name two factors which impair oxygen delivery to tissues.

A

Decreased partial pressure of inspired oxygen
Respiratory disease
Anaemia
Heart failure

26
Q

What does partial pressure of inspired oxygen depend on?

A 
Atmospheric pressure (Boyle's Law)
Proportion of oxygen in the gas mixture
27
Q

What is the normal proportion of oxygen in atmospheric air?

A

21%

28
Q

Atmospheric pressure varies with ____.

A

altitude

29
Q

How can some respiratory disease decrease the oxygen content of blood?

A

Decreases partial pressure of oxygen in the arteries –> decreases Hb saturation

30
Q

How does anaemia reduce the oxygen content of blood?

A

Reduces the available Hb concentration

31
Q

Binding of one oxygen molecule to Hb increases the affinity of other subunits to oxygen. What is this called?

A

Cooperativity

32
Q

How does heart failure impair oxygen delivery to tissues?

A

Reduces cardiac output

33
Q

____ gives the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve a sigmoid shape.

A

Cooperativity

34
Q

The Bohr Effect causes the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the ____.

A

right

35
Q

Name 3 conditions which cause the Bohr Effect in oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curves.

A
  1. Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
  2. Increased [H+]
  3. Increased temperature
  4. Increased [2,3-Biphosphoglycerate]
36
Q

The Bohr Effect causes haemoglobin to give up oxygen in ____.

A

tissues

37
Q

Tissue conditions promote the ____ of oxygen to tissues by haemoglobin.

A

offload

38
Q

How does the structure of foetal haemoglobin (HbF) vary from adult haemoglobin?

A

Foetal haemoglobin has 2 alpha subunits and 2 gamma subunits

39
Q

Foetal haemoglobin interacts less with ,-_____ in red blood cells.

A

2,3-Biphosphoglycerate

40
Q

2,3-Biphosphoglycerate interacts LESS with what type of haemoglobin?

A

Foetal haemoglobin

41
Q

What type of haemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than HbA?

A

Adult haemoglobin

42
Q

Foetal haemoglobin has a greater affinity for ___ than adult haemoglobin.

A

oxygen

43
Q

Compared to the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve of adult haemoglobin, that of foetal haemoglobin is shifted to the __.

A

left

44
Q

Wha is an advantage of foetal haemoglobin’s increased affinity for oxygen in development?

A

Allows oxygen transfer from mother to foetus even when the partial pressure of oxygen is low

45
Q

Where is myoglobin found?

A

Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

46
Q

How many haem groups does a myoglobin molecule have?

A

1

47
Q

Does myoglobin possess cooperativity?

A

No

48
Q

What shape is an oxygen-myoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Hyperbolic

49
Q

Why is an oxygen-myoglobin dissociation curve hyperbolic?

A

No cooperativity

50
Q

Myoglobin releases oxygen at (high / low) partial pressures.

A

low

51
Q

Myoglobin provides (long-term / short-term) storage of oxygen in anaerobic conditions.

A

short-term

52
Q

Myoglobin offers short-term storage of oxygen in what type of conditions?

A

Anaerobic

53
Q

What does the presence of myoglobin the blood indicate?

A

Muscle damage

54
Q

If a person has muscle damage, what may be present in their blood?

A

Myoglobin

Respiratory (11 decks)

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