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Respiratory > Physiology 3 > Flashcards

Physiology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What name is given to space in the lungs filled with air which is not available for gas exchange?

A

Anatomical dead space

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2
Q

Give a word equation for pulmonary ventilation.

A

Pulmonary ventilation = Tidal volume x Respiratory rate (L/min)

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3
Q

Give a word equation for alveolar ventilation.

A

Alveolar ventilation = (Tidal volume - dead space volume) x Respiratory rate (L/min)

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4
Q

Why is alveolar ventilation LESS than pulmonary ventilation?

A

Anatomical dead space

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5
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

The volume of air breathed in and out per minute

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6
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

The volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute

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7
Q

Why is the value for alveolar ventilation more important than that of pulmonary ventilation?

A

It represents the new air available for gas exchange with the blood

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8
Q

How does one increase their pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. Increase the depth of breathing (tidal volume)

2. Increase the rate of breathing (respiratory rate)

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9
Q

Because of dead space, it is more advantageous to increase (depth of breathing / respiratory rate).

A

depth of breathing

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10
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The rate at which GAS passes through the lungs

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11
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The rate at which BLOOD passes through the lungs

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12
Q

Arterial partial pressure and alveolar partial pressure are at equilibrium when the ventilation/perfusion ratio is _.

A

1

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13
Q

In most of the lung, partial pressures (are / are not) the same.

A

are not

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14
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Ventilated alveoli which is not adequately perfused with blood

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15
Q

Alveolar dead space increases in ____.

A

disease

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16
Q

Give a word equation for physiological dead space.

A

Physiological dead space = anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

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17
Q

___ ___ acts on the airways and arterioles to match airflow to blood flow.

A

Smooth muscle

18
Q

What must be matched in the airways and arterioles?

A

Airflow and blood flow

19
Q

Why may carbon dioxide accumulate in the alveoli?

A

Increased perfusion

20
Q

What occurs in the airways in response to alveolar carbon dioxide accumulation?

A

Dilation of airway / decrease in airway resistance –> Increased airflow

21
Q

Why may oxygen accumulate in the alveoli?

A

Increased ventilation

22
Q

What occurs in the pulmonary vessels in response to alveolar oxygen accumulation?

A

Vasoconstriction / increase in vascular resistance –> Decreased blood flow

23
Q

What happens to pulmonary arterioles when oxygen concentration of adjacent alveoli decreases?

A

Vasoconstriction

24
Q

What happens to pulmonary arterioles when oxygen concentration of adjacent alveoli increases?

A

Vasodilation

25
Q

Name four factors influencing the rate of gas exchange across the alveolar membrane.

A
  1. Partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2
  2. Diffusion Coefficients
  3. Surface area of alveolar membrane
  4. Thickness of alveolar membrane
26
Q

What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures?

A

The total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture = The sum of partial pressures of each gaseous component

27
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas (e.g Gas X)?

A

The pressure that Gas X would exert if it alone occupied the total volume

28
Q

What is the partial pressure gradient?

A

Gases move from higher to lower partial pressures

29
Q

What are the two units of measurement for partial pressure?

A
  1. kilopascals (kPa)

2. mm Hg (to convert to kPa, divide by 7.5)

30
Q

What is the diffusion coefficient of a gas?

A

The solubility of that gas in membranes

31
Q

The diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide is __ times that of oxygen.

A

20

32
Q

The higher diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide offsets its smaller ___ ___ ___.

A

partial pressure gradient

33
Q

___ amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide are transferred across the membrane.

A

Equal

34
Q

What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

A

The amount of gas which moves across a sheet of tissue per unit time is:

  1. Directly proportional to the surface area of the sheet
  2. Inversely proportional to the thickness of the sheet
35
Q

What are two properties of the lungs which make them favourable for gas exchange?

A
  1. Large surface area

2. Thin membranes

36
Q

The extensive pulmonary capillary network of the lungs receives the entire ___ ___.

A

cardiac output

37
Q

The walls of alveoli consist of what type of alveolar cell?

A

Type I

38
Q

Which type of alveolar cell produce pulmonary surfactant?

A

Type II

39
Q

Alveoli are encircled by ____ ____.

A

pulmonary capillaries

40
Q

Name two non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system.

A
  1. Water loss and heat elimination
  2. Enhances venous return
  3. Maintains acid-base balance
  4. Enables speech and articulation
  5. Defence against foreign material
  6. Nose - function of smell

Respiratory (11 decks)

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