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Respiratory > Physiology 1 (Week 1) > Flashcards

Physiology 1 (Week 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The intracellular mechanisms which consume O2 and produce CO2

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2
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The sequence of events involved in gas exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and body cells

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3
Q

Describe the four stages of external respiration.

A

Ventilation - gas exchange between atmosphere and air sacs in the lungs
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
Transport of gases between lungs and tissue
Exchange of gases between blood and tissue

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4
Q

Explain Boyle’s Law.

A

At a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the gas volume

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5
Q

Air flows down a ______ gradient.

A

pressure

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6
Q

During inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is ___ ___atmospheric pressure.

A

less than

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7
Q

Why do the thorax and lungs expand during inspiration?

A

Contraction of inspiratory muscles

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8
Q

Name two forces which hold the thoracic wall and the lungs together.

A
  1. Intrapleural fluid cohesiveness (water molecules attracted to one another)
  2. Negative intrapleural pressure (transmural pressure gradient - lungs forced to expand, chest forced to squeeze inwards)
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9
Q

Name three pressures important in preventing lung collapse.

A
  1. Atmospheric pressure
  2. Intra-alveolar pressure
    3, Intrapleural pressure
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10
Q

Inspiration is an ____ process.

A

active

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11
Q

What does inspiration depend on?

A

Muscle contraction

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12
Q

What is the major inspiratory muscle?

A

The diaphragm

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13
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, ____ volume increases vertically.

A

thorax , vertically

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14
Q

Which muscles are responsible for lifting the ribs and moving the sternum anteriorly during inspiration?

A

External intercostal muscles

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15
Q

How does an expansion of the lungs help during inspiration?

A

Expansion of the lungs –> greater lung volume –> decrease in intra-alveolar pressure by Boyle’s Law –> air travels into the alveoli down the pressure gradient

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16
Q

Expiration is a ____ process.

A

passive

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17
Q

What brings about expiration?

A

Relaxation of inspiratory muscles

18
Q

What name is given to the size reduction of the lungs and chest wall ‘back to normal’?

A

Recoil

19
Q

Recoil causes the intra-alveolar pressure to ____.

A

increase

20
Q

Why does recoil cause an increase in intra-alveolar pressure?

A

Decrease in volume –> Increase in pressure (Boyle’s Law)

21
Q

During expiration, air leaves the lungs ___ the pressure gradient.

A

down

22
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural space

23
Q

Name a possible cause of a pneumothorax.

A

Disease

Stab wound

24
Q

A pneumothorax abolishes the ____ pressure gradient.

A

transmural

25
Q

What is a common consequence of a pneumothorax?

A

Lung collapse

26
Q

Why do the lungs recoil during expiration?

A
  1. Elastic connective tissue in the lungs

2. Alveolar surface tension

27
Q

What is alveolar surface tension?

A

Attraction between water molecules at the air-liquid interface of an alveolus

28
Q

Alveolar surface tension produces a force which ____ the stretching of the lungs.

A

resists

29
Q

Why aren’t alveoli lined with water alone?

A

Surface tension would be too strong –> alveolar collapse

30
Q

Explain LaPlace’s Law.

A

Smaller alveoli have a greater tendency to collapse

31
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant?

A

A mixture of lipids and proteins which lines the alveoli.

32
Q

What type of alveoli secrete pulmonary surfactant?

A

Type II

33
Q

Pulmonary surfactant ___ alveolar surface tension.

A

lowers

34
Q

When do developing fetal lungs synthesise pulmonary surfactant?

A

Late in pregnancy

35
Q

Name the syndrome in which premature babies do not have enough pulmonary surfactant.

A

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

36
Q

How would you tell a newborn had respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Strenuous inspiratory efforts

37
Q

A newborn with respiratory distress syndrome struggles to overcome ____ ____ ___ ___ and inflate their lungs.

A

high alveolar surface tension

38
Q

Explain alveolar interdependence.

A

If an alveolus starts to collapse, the surrounding alveoli STRETCH and then RECOIL to expand and open the collapsing alveolus.

39
Q

Name three forces which keep alveoli open.

A
  1. Transmural pressure gradient
  2. Pulmonary surfactant
  3. Alveolar interdependence
40
Q

Name two forces which promote alveolar collapse.

A
  1. Elasticity of connective tissue

2. Alveolar surface tension

Respiratory (11 decks)

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