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Respiratory > Physiology 2 (Week 1) > Flashcards

Physiology 2 (Week 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath

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2
Q

What is the average tidal volume in a healthy person?

A

500ml

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3
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired over and above the tidal volume

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4
Q

What is the average inspiratory reserve volume in a healthy person?

A

3000ml

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5
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

IC = Inspiratory reserve volume + Tidal volume

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6
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The extra volume of air that can be actively expired after the normal, tidal volume

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7
Q

What is the average expiratory reserve volume in a healthy person?

A

1000ml

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8
Q

What is the average inspiratory capacity in a healthy person?

A

3500ml

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9
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration

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10
Q

What is the average residual volume in a healthy person’s lungs?

A

1200ml

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11
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

The volume of air in the lungs after a normal passive expiration

FRC = Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume

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12
Q

What is the average functional residual capacity in a healthy person?

A

2200ml

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13
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration

VC = Inspiratory reserve volume + Tidal volume + Expiratory reserve volume

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14
Q

What is the average vital capacity in a healthy person?

A

4500ml

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15
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold

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16
Q

What is the average total lung capacity in a healthy person?

A

5700ml

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17
Q

Give a word equation for total lung capacity.

A

Total lung capacity = Vital capacity + Residual volume

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18
Q

What happens to the residual volume when elastic recoil of the lungs is lost?

A

Residual volume increases

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19
Q

Give an example of a disease which reduces elastic recoil of the lungs.

A

Emphysema

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20
Q

Dynamic lung volumes are useful in the diagnosis of _____ and ____ lung disease.

A

obstructive , restrictive

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21
Q

What is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)?

A

The maximum volume of air which can be forcibly expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration

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22
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1s - the volume of air which is expelled during the first second of an FVC determination.

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23
Q

What is the FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

The proportion of the forced vital capacity which can be expired in the first second of an FVC determination

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24
Q

What range of FEV1/FVC ratio values is normal for a healthy person?

A

> 70%

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25
Q

In obstructive lung disease, the FEV1/FVC ratio is usually…

A

< 70%

26
Q

Why is the FEV1/FVC ratio reduced in obstructive lung disease?

A

It takes long for the lungs to expire the same volume of air

27
Q

Why, in restrictive lung disease, does the FEV1/FVC ratio still have a value > 70%?

A

Both FEV1 and FVC are reduced - ratio remains the same.

28
Q

Give an equation for flow rate of air in the lungs.

A

F = deltaP / R

i.e Flow = Change in pressure / Resistance

29
Q

What is the primary determinant of airway resistance?

A

Radius of airway (r)

30
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation causes _____.

A

bronchoconstriction

31
Q

Sympathetic stimulation causes ____.

A

bronchodilatation

32
Q

Which division of the nervous system causes bronchoconstriction?

A

Parasympathetic division

33
Q

Which division of the nervous system causes bronchodilatation?

A

Sympathetic division

34
Q

Name two diseases which significantly increase airway resistance.

A

COPD

Asthma

35
Q

With regard to inspiration and expiration:

_____ is more difficult than _____.

A

Expiration , inspiration

36
Q

_____ is difficult for patients with airway obstruction.

A

Expiration

37
Q

During expiration, intrapleural pressure _____.

A

increases

38
Q

What is a consequence of increasing intrapleural pressure during expiration in patients with airway obstructions?

A

Compression of the airways and alveoli

39
Q

In normal people, increased airway resistance caused by compression downstream results in…

A

Increased airway pressure upstream

Opening of the airway by driving pressure

40
Q

In people with airway obstruction, increased airway resistance caused by compression downstream results in…

A

Increased airway pressure upstream
Driving pressure is lost over the obstructed segment
Decrease in downstream pressure
Airway collapse

41
Q

What is the name of the process in which airways and alveoli are compressed by the pleura, caused by variable pressures during inspiration and expiration?

A

Dynamic airway compression

42
Q

What exacerbates dynamic airway compression?

A

Decreased elastic recoil of the lungs (e.g in emphysema, COPD)

43
Q

A peak flow meter gives an estimate of ___ ___ ___.

A

peak flow rate

44
Q

What does peak flow rate give an indication of?

A

Airway function

45
Q

How is peak flow rate measured during a consultation with a patient?

A
  1. Patient a short, sharp blow into peak flow meter

2. Best of three attempts taken as peak flow rate

46
Q

During inspiration, the lungs are _____.

A

stretched

47
Q

What is a colloquial definition of pulmonary compliance?

A

The effort that goes into stretching the lungs

48
Q

What is the scientific definition of pulmonary compliance?

A

Volume change per unit of pressure change across the lungs

49
Q

The less compliant the lungs are, the more ___ required to produce sufficient inflation.

A

work

50
Q

Name two factors which reduce pulmonary compliance.

A 
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary oedema
Lung collapse
Pneumonia
Lack of pulmonary surfactant
51
Q

Why do the lungs feel stiff in patients with reduced pulmonary compliance?

A

A greater change in pressure is required to produce the same change in volume

52
Q

What sensation do patients with reduced pulmonary compliance feel during exertion?

A

Shortness of breath

53
Q

In spirometry, reduced pulmonary compliance presents what type of lung disease?

A

Restrictive lung disease

54
Q

When the elastic recoil of the lungs is lost, pulmonary compliance _____.

A

increases

55
Q

Name a disease which can result in increased pulmonary compliance.

A

Emphysema

56
Q

What is a sign associated with increased pulmonary compliance?

A

Hyperinflation of the lungs

57
Q

Pulmonary compliance increases with ___.

A

age

58
Q

What is the name given to the outward appearance of effort going into breathing?

A

Work of breathing

59
Q

Roughly what percentage of energy expenditure goes into the work of breathing?

A

3%

60
Q

How full are the lungs normally?

A

Around half-full

61
Q

Name two cases in which the work of breathing would increase.

A
  1. Pulmonary compliance decreases
  2. Airway resistance increases
  3. Elastic recoil decreases
  4. When there is a need for increased ventilation

Respiratory (11 decks)

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