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year 2 > Physiology 2.1 > Flashcards

Physiology 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

name the 2 photoreceptors in the eye

A

rods and cones

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2
Q

describe rods

A

highly sensitive to light; detect motion and black and white vision

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3
Q

describe cones

A

function best in bright light; central and colour vision

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4
Q

2 functions of the ear

A

balance and hearing

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5
Q

what does external ear consist of

A

auricle, external auditory canal, eardrum

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6
Q

what does middle ear consist of

A

auditory tube, ossiscle, oval window, round window

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7
Q

in which part of adrenal glands do you find fatty acids and cholesterol

A

adrenal cortex

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8
Q

in which part of adrenal glands do you find secretory cells - norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

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9
Q

which 2 glands do you find in the cerebrum

A

pituitary gland and pineal gland

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10
Q

whats the fluid called that protects the brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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11
Q

name function of CSF

A

cushions neural structures, supports brain, transports nutrients/waste products

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12
Q

function of midbrain

A

process visual and auditory info

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13
Q

function of pons?

A

relays sensory and motor info to cerebellum and thalamus

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14
Q

which is the house for vital functions?

A

medulla oblongata

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15
Q

name 6 regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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16
Q

name 2 receptors (sensory)

A

phasic and tonic receptors

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17
Q

describe phasic receptors

A

normally inactive; become active for short time if change occurs

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18
Q

describe tonic receptors

A

always active, slow adapting receptors

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19
Q

describe nociceptors

A

tonic receptors, sensitive to extreme temp, has 2 types of axons: type A (myelinated) and type C

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20
Q

which sensory receptors inhibit pain pathways?

A

nociceptors

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21
Q

are thermoreceptors phasic or tonic?

A

phasic [cold/warm receptors]

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22
Q

what type of receptors do mechanoreceptors have

A

tactile receptor

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23
Q

which 2 important receptors classify under mechanoreceptrs

A

baroreceptors and proprioceptors

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24
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

monitor changes in pressure in an organ

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25
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

receptors in muscle spindles, receptors in joint capsules, golgi tendon organ

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26
Q

which system/tract has voluntary control over skeletal muscles

A

pyramidal system, corticospinal tract

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27
Q

Whats ANS responsible for?

A

controls visceral effectors so glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

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28
Q

which 2 systems does ANS divide into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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29
Q

which system is fight or flight and which is rest or digest

A

F&F: sympathetic
R&D: parasympathetic

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30
Q

name 3 layers of the eye

A

vascular, neural, fibrous

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31
Q

whats the link between 1st and 2n messenger (hormone, endocrine system)

A

G protein

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32
Q

name 3 classes of hormones

A

amino acid derivatives
lipid hormones
peptide hormones

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33
Q

function of endocrine system?

A

regulate metabolism
fluids
maturation and sexual development
intercellular communication

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34
Q

which part of brain is the highest level of endocrine control?

A

hypothalamus

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35
Q

regulatory factors in blood travel where in the pituitary glands?

A

to the anterior lobe of pituitary glands

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36
Q

what is the anterior lobe of pituitary gland called?

A

adenohypophysis
variety of endocrine cells in it

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37
Q

what is the posterior lobe of pituitary gland called?

A

neurophyophysis
axons of hypothalamic neurones

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38
Q

where do you find growth hormone?

A

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

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39
Q

name hormones you find in the anterior lobe of pituitary glands

A

TSH, FH, LH, MSH, ACTH, PRL

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40
Q

which part of adrenal glands is associated with breakdown of molecules to produce ATP?

A

adrenal medulla
- skeletal muscle - glycogen- breakdown glucose - ATP
- adipose tissue- fats breakdown- fatty acids - ATP
liver- glycogen - used by neural tissue

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41
Q

which part in the body is associated with sterioids?

A

adrenal cortex

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42
Q

where do you find adrenal glands?

A

triangle shaped above kidneys, trunk

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43
Q

which is the most important hormone produced by adrenal glands?

A

cortisol
main stress hormone
produced by zona fasciculata

44
Q

which part of brain is associated with melatonin synthesis. (neurotransmitter seratonin)

A

pineal glands

45
Q

where do you find calcitriol and whats its function?

A

in kidneys (endocrine function of kidneys) - it stimulates calcium absorption along digestive tract

46
Q

main function of nociceptors

A

no-ciceptors no-pain
inhibit pain pathway
release endorphins
prevents substance P - inflammation substance

acts like morphine

47
Q

which receptors act like morphine? function-wise

A

nociceptors

48
Q

are thermoreceptors phasic or tonic?

A

phasic

49
Q

are nociceptors phasic or tonic?

A

tonic

50
Q

which are tactile receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors

51
Q

under which receptor class are baroreceptors and proprioceptors?

A

mechanoreceptors

52
Q

which receptors can you find in lungs?

A

baroreceptors

53
Q

name 3 ascending pathways

A

spinothalamic
posterior column pathway
spinocerebellar pathway

54
Q

where do these tracts cross:
spinothalamic
posterior column pathway
spinocerebellar pathway

A

spinothalamic: cross immediately
posterior column pathway: cross at midbrain
spinocerebellar pathway: cross after cerebellum

55
Q

posterior pathway of spinthalamic tract passes information about what?

A

pain

56
Q

anterior pathway of spinothalamic tract passes info about what?

A

touch

57
Q

name the descending pathways

A

corticospinal pathways
1. corticobulbar
2. lateral corticospinal
3. anterior corticospinal

58
Q

name the crossover site for corticospinal pathways
1. corticobulbar
2. lateral corticospinal
3. anterior corticospinal

A
  1. brainstem
  2. medulla oblongata
  3. level of lower motor neurones
59
Q

name one ascending pathway and one descending pathway which cross at midbrain

A

ascending: posterior column pathway
descending: corticobulbar tract

60
Q

name parts of the fibrous layer

A

sclera
cornea

61
Q

name parts of vascular layer

A

choroid
iris
cilliary body

62
Q

which structure produces, distributes and removes tears?

A

lacramal apparatus

63
Q

whats the white of the eye called?

A

sclera

64
Q

whats the neural layer also known as

A

retina
with a pigmented part and a neural part

65
Q

which part of the eye is triggered to change when ANS is activated?

A

iris - pupillary muscle, constrict or dilate

66
Q

whats dyskinesia?

A

involuntary movements that u observe in eg PD patients, ej jerks, twitches

67
Q

which layer of the eye regulates the amount of light that enters and blood vessel pathway?

A

vascular layer

68
Q

which part of the eye is an attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles?

A

fibrous layer

69
Q

black and white vision: rods or cones?
coloured vision: rods or cones?

A

rods
c-cones c-colour

70
Q

name photoreceptors

A

cons and rods

71
Q

when does nystagmus occur

A

if brainstem or internal ear is damaged

72
Q

whats the coloured part around pupil called

A

iris

73
Q

whats sclera

A

the white of the eye

74
Q

whats cornea

A

clear outer layer covering front of the eye

75
Q

whats the middle eye layer between retina and sclera called?

A

choroid

76
Q

which part of the eye contains photoreceptors rods and cones?

A

retina

77
Q

which part controls the visual reflex to visual stimuli?

A

superior colliculus

78
Q

whats the inner ear comprised of

A
  • bony labyrinth so: cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule
79
Q

which part of nervous system blocks regrowth of axons and how

A

astrocytes, by forming scar tissue

80
Q

function of GABA at synapses?

A

inhibits generation of action potential of a neurone

81
Q

whats the process called when theres action at the synpase and action potential passing through? name 2 types

A

summation
- temporal: stimuli add up at one single synapse
- spatial: stimuli at different locations have a cumulative effect

82
Q

name 2 neuroglia cells in PNS

A

schwann cells
satellite cells

83
Q

name 4 neuroglia cells in CNS

A

oligocendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

84
Q

name 4 structural classifications of neurones

A

anaxonic (cell body)
bipolar (dendrite - cell body- axon)
unipolar (axon- cell body - axon)
multipolar (axon)

85
Q

are cranial nerves part of PNS or CNS

A

PNS

86
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there arising from spinal cord?

A

31

87
Q

reflexes: what is being stretched that leads to eg quadriceps muscle contracting?

A

quadriceps tendon is stretched

88
Q

name 2 branches of spinal nerves and which branch does the sensory info travel through?

A
  1. ventral root
  2. dorsal root

sensory info travels through dorsal root which is axons of sensory neurones

89
Q

name 2 spaces between the meninges

A

subdural space and subarachnoid space

90
Q

whats the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

91
Q

what does white matter and gray matter contain?

A

white: myelinated and unmyelinated axons

gray: unmyelinated axons, neuroglia, neuron cell bodies

92
Q

which part of spinal cord relays info from body to brain or brain to body? and contains afferent and efferent pathways

A

white matter (bc has myelinated axons)

93
Q

where do you find motor and sensory nuclei?

A

in gray matter
motor nuclei: anterior horn
sensory nuclei: posterior horn

94
Q

in which part of spinal cord do you find the descending and ascending tracts?

A

white matter

95
Q

crossed extensor reflex?

A

when extensors on one side are inhibited, theyre facilitated on the other side

96
Q

spinal cord ventral root function?

A

contains axons of motor neurones
motor info sent out

97
Q

spinal cord dorsal root function?

A

contains axons of sensory neurones
sensory receptors -> sensory info to brain

98
Q

whats if theres a motor deficit - anterior horn

A

flaccid muscles
weakness of paralysis of the body below level of damage
absence of reflex

99
Q

at 6 weeks its called mesencephalon. at birth its called..?

A

midbrain

100
Q

at 6 weeks its telencephalon, at birth its..?

A

cerebrum

101
Q

what produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus

102
Q

explain the circulation of CSF starting with where its produced

A

produced in choroid plexus (in the brain)-> ventricles -> central canal of spinal cord-> subarachnoid space

103
Q

which arteries deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain?

A

internal carotid artery and vertebral artery

104
Q

what does BBB do?

A

isolate CNS neural tissue from general circulation

105
Q

what do astrocytes do for BBB?

A

control permeability

year 2 (6 decks)

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