Physiology 2.1 Flashcards
1
Q
name the 2 photoreceptors in the eye
A
rods and cones
2
Q
describe rods
A
highly sensitive to light; detect motion and black and white vision
3
Q
describe cones
A
function best in bright light; central and colour vision
4
Q
2 functions of the ear
A
balance and hearing
5
Q
what does external ear consist of
A
auricle, external auditory canal, eardrum
6
Q
what does middle ear consist of
A
auditory tube, ossiscle, oval window, round window
7
Q
in which part of adrenal glands do you find fatty acids and cholesterol
A
adrenal cortex
8
Q
in which part of adrenal glands do you find secretory cells - norepinephrine and epinephrine
A
adrenal medulla
9
Q
which 2 glands do you find in the cerebrum
A
pituitary gland and pineal gland
10
Q
whats the fluid called that protects the brain
A
cerebrospinal fluid
11
Q
name function of CSF
A
cushions neural structures, supports brain, transports nutrients/waste products
12
Q
function of midbrain
A
process visual and auditory info
13
Q
function of pons?
A
relays sensory and motor info to cerebellum and thalamus
14
Q
which is the house for vital functions?
A
medulla oblongata
15
Q
name 6 regions of the brain
A
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
16
Q
name 2 receptors (sensory)
A
phasic and tonic receptors
17
Q
describe phasic receptors
A
normally inactive; become active for short time if change occurs
18
Q
describe tonic receptors
A
always active, slow adapting receptors
19
Q
describe nociceptors
A
tonic receptors, sensitive to extreme temp, has 2 types of axons: type A (myelinated) and type C
20
Q
which sensory receptors inhibit pain pathways?
A
nociceptors
21
Q
are thermoreceptors phasic or tonic?
A
phasic [cold/warm receptors]
22
Q
what type of receptors do mechanoreceptors have
A
tactile receptor
23
Q
which 2 important receptors classify under mechanoreceptrs
A
baroreceptors and proprioceptors
24
Q
what are baroreceptors
A
monitor changes in pressure in an organ
25
what are proprioceptors
receptors in muscle spindles, receptors in joint capsules, golgi tendon organ
26
which system/tract has voluntary control over skeletal muscles
pyramidal system, corticospinal tract
27
Whats ANS responsible for?
controls visceral effectors so glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
28
which 2 systems does ANS divide into
sympathetic and parasympathetic
29
which system is fight or flight and which is rest or digest
F&F: sympathetic
R&D: parasympathetic
30
name 3 layers of the eye
vascular, neural, fibrous
31
whats the link between 1st and 2n messenger (hormone, endocrine system)
G protein
32
name 3 classes of hormones
amino acid derivatives
lipid hormones
peptide hormones
33
function of endocrine system?
regulate metabolism
fluids
maturation and sexual development
intercellular communication
34
which part of brain is the highest level of endocrine control?
hypothalamus
35
regulatory factors in blood travel where in the pituitary glands?
to the anterior lobe of pituitary glands
36
what is the anterior lobe of pituitary gland called?
adenohypophysis
variety of endocrine cells in it
37
what is the posterior lobe of pituitary gland called?
neurophyophysis
axons of hypothalamic neurones
38
where do you find growth hormone?
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
39
name hormones you find in the anterior lobe of pituitary glands
TSH, FH, LH, MSH, ACTH, PRL
40
which part of adrenal glands is associated with breakdown of molecules to produce ATP?
adrenal medulla
- skeletal muscle - glycogen- breakdown glucose - ATP
- adipose tissue- fats breakdown- fatty acids - ATP
liver- glycogen - used by neural tissue
41
which part in the body is associated with sterioids?
adrenal cortex
42
where do you find adrenal glands?
triangle shaped above kidneys, trunk
43
which is the most important hormone produced by adrenal glands?
cortisol
main stress hormone
produced by zona fasciculata
44
which part of brain is associated with melatonin synthesis. (neurotransmitter seratonin)
pineal glands
45
where do you find calcitriol and whats its function?
in kidneys (endocrine function of kidneys) - it stimulates calcium absorption along digestive tract
46
main function of nociceptors
no-ciceptors no-pain
inhibit pain pathway
release endorphins
prevents substance P - inflammation substance
acts like morphine
47
which receptors act like morphine? function-wise
nociceptors
48
are thermoreceptors phasic or tonic?
phasic
49
are nociceptors phasic or tonic?
tonic
50
which are tactile receptors?
mechanoreceptors
51
under which receptor class are baroreceptors and proprioceptors?
mechanoreceptors
52
which receptors can you find in lungs?
baroreceptors
53
name 3 ascending pathways
spinothalamic
posterior column pathway
spinocerebellar pathway
54
where do these tracts cross:
spinothalamic
posterior column pathway
spinocerebellar pathway
spinothalamic: cross immediately
posterior column pathway: cross at midbrain
spinocerebellar pathway: cross after cerebellum
55
posterior pathway of spinthalamic tract passes information about what?
pain
56
anterior pathway of spinothalamic tract passes info about what?
touch
57
name the descending pathways
corticospinal pathways
1. corticobulbar
2. lateral corticospinal
3. anterior corticospinal
58
name the crossover site for corticospinal pathways
1. corticobulbar
2. lateral corticospinal
3. anterior corticospinal
1. brainstem
2. medulla oblongata
3. level of lower motor neurones
59
name one ascending pathway and one descending pathway which cross at midbrain
ascending: posterior column pathway
descending: corticobulbar tract
60
name parts of the fibrous layer
sclera
cornea
61
name parts of vascular layer
choroid
iris
cilliary body
62
which structure produces, distributes and removes tears?
lacramal apparatus
63
whats the white of the eye called?
sclera
64
whats the neural layer also known as
retina
with a pigmented part and a neural part
65
which part of the eye is triggered to change when ANS is activated?
iris - pupillary muscle, constrict or dilate
66
whats dyskinesia?
involuntary movements that u observe in eg PD patients, ej jerks, twitches
67
which layer of the eye regulates the amount of light that enters and blood vessel pathway?
vascular layer
68
which part of the eye is an attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles?
fibrous layer
69
black and white vision: rods or cones?
coloured vision: rods or cones?
rods
c-cones c-colour
70
name photoreceptors
cons and rods
71
when does nystagmus occur
if brainstem or internal ear is damaged
72
whats the coloured part around pupil called
iris
73
whats sclera
the white of the eye
74
whats cornea
clear outer layer covering front of the eye
75
whats the middle eye layer between retina and sclera called?
choroid
76
which part of the eye contains photoreceptors rods and cones?
retina
77
which part controls the visual reflex to visual stimuli?
superior colliculus
78
whats the inner ear comprised of
- bony labyrinth so: cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule
79
which part of nervous system blocks regrowth of axons and how
astrocytes, by forming scar tissue
80
function of GABA at synapses?
inhibits generation of action potential of a neurone
81
whats the process called when theres action at the synpase and action potential passing through? name 2 types
summation
- temporal: stimuli add up at one single synapse
- spatial: stimuli at different locations have a cumulative effect
82
name 2 neuroglia cells in PNS
schwann cells
satellite cells
83
name 4 neuroglia cells in CNS
oligocendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
84
name 4 structural classifications of neurones
anaxonic (cell body)
bipolar (dendrite - cell body- axon)
unipolar (axon- cell body - axon)
multipolar (axon)
85
are cranial nerves part of PNS or CNS
PNS
86
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there arising from spinal cord?
31
87
reflexes: what is being stretched that leads to eg quadriceps muscle contracting?
quadriceps tendon is stretched
88
name 2 branches of spinal nerves and which branch does the sensory info travel through?
1. ventral root
2. dorsal root
sensory info travels through dorsal root which is axons of sensory neurones
89
name 2 spaces between the meninges
subdural space and subarachnoid space
90
whats the subarachnoid space filled with?
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
91
what does white matter and gray matter contain?
white: myelinated and unmyelinated axons
gray: unmyelinated axons, neuroglia, neuron cell bodies
92
which part of spinal cord relays info from body to brain or brain to body? and contains afferent and efferent pathways
white matter (bc has myelinated axons)
93
where do you find motor and sensory nuclei?
in gray matter
motor nuclei: anterior horn
sensory nuclei: posterior horn
94
in which part of spinal cord do you find the descending and ascending tracts?
white matter
95
crossed extensor reflex?
when extensors on one side are inhibited, theyre facilitated on the other side
96
spinal cord ventral root function?
contains axons of motor neurones
motor info sent out
97
spinal cord dorsal root function?
contains axons of sensory neurones
sensory receptors -> sensory info to brain
98
whats if theres a motor deficit - anterior horn
flaccid muscles
weakness of paralysis of the body below level of damage
absence of reflex
99
at 6 weeks its called mesencephalon. at birth its called..?
midbrain
100
at 6 weeks its telencephalon, at birth its..?
cerebrum
101
what produces CSF?
choroid plexus
102
explain the circulation of CSF starting with where its produced
produced in choroid plexus (in the brain)-> ventricles -> central canal of spinal cord-> subarachnoid space
103
which arteries deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain?
internal carotid artery and vertebral artery
104
what does BBB do?
isolate CNS neural tissue from general circulation
105
what do astrocytes do for BBB?
control permeability
