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year 2 > Motor control > Flashcards

Motor control Flashcards

1
Q

neglect is a result of damage to which hemisphere?

A

right
it affects the left side in perception/vision/sensartion etc

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2
Q

name the sequence. pathophysiology, .. , .. ?

A

pathophysiology, primary neuromuscular impairments, secondary musculoskeletal

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3
Q

name some motor cortex impairments - aftermath

A

motor weakness -paresis; muscle tone abnormal eg hyper or hypotonia; loss of selective muscle activation; abnormal synergies, coactivation

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4
Q

define hemiparesis

A

weakness or inability to move on one side of the body

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5
Q

define hemiplegia

A

caused by brain injury usually; a condition with varying degrees of weakness, stiffness, lack of control

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6
Q

describe hypertonicity- 2 terms

A

high muscle tone - spasticity, rigidity

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7
Q

is there more severe symptoms if damage to higher levels or lower levels?

A

lower levels

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8
Q

spasticity is

A

a hyperactive stretch reflex

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9
Q

whats hypertonicity

A
  1. spasticity- inability to recruit motor neurones
  2. abnormal RI between agonist and antagonist
  3. impaired coordination of muscle synergists
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10
Q

whats coactivation

A

activation of both agonist and antagonist

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11
Q

whats babinski reflex

A

occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot. The other toes fan out.

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12
Q

increased muscle tone: a positive or negative symptom?

A

positive

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13
Q

loss of descending control over lower motor neurones: positive or negative symptom?

A

negative

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14
Q

paresis is a primary or secondary impairment?

A

primary

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15
Q

changes in the muscle : primary or secondary impairment?

A

secondary

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16
Q

define spasticity

A

a velocity-dependent increase in resistance of a muscle or muscle group to passive stretch

“a motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex, and is one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome”

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17
Q

whats individuation?

A

ability to selectively activate a muscle (or limited set of muscles) allowing isolated joint motion

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18
Q

describe 3 aspects that are affected with basal ganglia pathology

A

motor deficits, cognitive and behavioral disturbances

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19
Q

name 3 things that characterize parkinsons

A

bradykinesia (slow movements reduced in amplitude);
rigidity (increased muscle tone);
resting tremor

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20
Q

what can you observe with Parkinsons patients regarding gait and posture

A

flexed posture
impaired balance and slow gait

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21
Q

why does parkinsons occur? physiologically

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

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22
Q

define
- bradykinesia
- akinesia
- hypokinesia

A
  • Bradykinesia: slowed movement time
  • Akinesia: reduced ability to initiate movement
  • Hypokinesia: movements decreased in amplitude
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23
Q

whats the difference between spasticity and rigidity?

A

rigidity is not dependent on velocity of stretch

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24
Q

we observe hypotonia : which part of brain is affected?

A

cerebellar impairments

25
Q

we observe coordination issues: which part of the brain is affected?

A

cerebellum

26
Q

we observe lack of fault correction: which part of the brain is affected?

A

cerebellum

27
Q

describe lead pipe rigidity

A

constant resistance to movement thru entire ROM

28
Q

describe cogwheel rigidity

A

alternating episodes of resistance and relaxation

29
Q

explain difference between athetosis movements and chorea

A

athetosis: more in upper limbs, slow involuntary movements
chorea: rapid jerky movements

30
Q

postural control is divided into 2 categories. name these

A

postural stability and postural orientation

31
Q

whats diaschisis?

A

shock, a sudden change of function in a part of brain connected to a distant damaged brain area

32
Q

what also can occur after a lesion in brain besides diaschisis?

A

edema - cellular and vasogenic (disruption of BBB, accumulation of fluid)

33
Q

what happens when there’s uncontrolled release of glutamate after a brain lesion?

A

increase in calcium influx leading to programmed cell death -apoptosis

34
Q

whats denervation

A

loss of nerve supply

35
Q

name the 4 intercellular responses to injury

A
  1. denervation supersensitivity
    2.unmasking of silent synpases
  2. neural reorganization after injured axon
36
Q

which 5 things make for a recovery after a brain damage/lesion?

A
  1. decrease of diaschisis
  2. decrease of edema
  3. reorganization of redundant pathways
  4. cortical remapping
    treating ischemic penumbra
37
Q

whats penumbra

A

reversibly damaged injured brain tissue

38
Q

whats a cross modality plasticity

A

a striking adaptive feature of the brain, whereby the loss of one sensory modality induces cortical reorganization that leads to enhanced sensory performance in remaining modalities.

39
Q

name 2 types of nonassociative implicit learning

A

habituation and sensitization

40
Q

describe procedural learning

A

tasks and habits

41
Q

describe problems with cognitive disorder

A

attention and concentration; memory; actions; plan; language; behaviour

42
Q

someone who overestimates themselves, is detailed specific, has poor proprioception and neglect - has had a lesion in which hemisphere of the brain?

A

right hemisphere lesion

43
Q

someone who has aphasia, social isolation, depression, underesttimates themselves and has a global approach - has had a lesion in which side of the brain?

A

left side

44
Q

whats a medially located brain area?

A

limbic system

45
Q

name some neuromuscular impairments

A
  • paresis, muscle weakness
  • coactivation
  • individuation
  • abnormal synergies
  • spasticity- abnormal muscle tone
46
Q

how to remember what hemiparesis is?

A

hemi (one side) - paresis (muscle weakness)

47
Q

does cerebellar impairment lead to hypertonia or hypotonia?

A

hypotonia

48
Q

whats ataxia?

A

lack of muscle coordination

49
Q

slow movement is termed as?

A

bradykinesia

50
Q

explain athetosis movement

A

slow involuntary twisting movements

51
Q

is babinski reflex a positive or negative symptom?

A

positive bc its added

52
Q

which parts are the action system?

A

motor cortex
cerebellum
basal ganglia
(midbrain)

53
Q

spasticity; abnormal muscle tone; paresis; coordination problems: result of what impairment?

A

motor cortex impairment

54
Q

is spasticity part of upper or lower motor neurone syndrome?

A

upper

55
Q

hypotonia; tremor; ataxia and no fault correction: result of what impairment?

A

cerebellar impairment

56
Q

how do you subdivide hyperkinetic disorders? explain each

A

into chorea (rapid jerky movements) and athetosis movement (involuntary slow twisting movements)

57
Q

overestimating themselves: more common in R or L hemisphere lesions?

A

more common in R lesions

58
Q

describe left hemisphere lesion aftermath

A

depression
reluctant
aphasia
social isolation
underestimates themselves
global approach

59
Q

describe right hemisphere lesion aftermath

A

impulsive, fast
spatial disorientation
left side neglect
euphoria
detailed focused

year 2 (6 decks)

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