Motor control

Question 1

neglect is a result of damage to which hemisphere?

Answer 1

right
it affects the left side in perception/vision/sensartion etc

Question 2

name the sequence. pathophysiology, .. , .. ?

Answer 2

pathophysiology, primary neuromuscular impairments, secondary musculoskeletal

Question 3

name some motor cortex impairments - aftermath

Answer 3

motor weakness -paresis; muscle tone abnormal eg hyper or hypotonia; loss of selective muscle activation; abnormal synergies, coactivation

Question 4

define hemiparesis

Answer 4

weakness or inability to move on one side of the body

Question 5

define hemiplegia

Answer 5

caused by brain injury usually; a condition with varying degrees of weakness, stiffness, lack of control

Question 6

describe hypertonicity- 2 terms

Answer 6

high muscle tone - spasticity, rigidity

Question 7

is there more severe symptoms if damage to higher levels or lower levels?

Answer 7

lower levels

Question 8

spasticity is

Answer 8

a hyperactive stretch reflex

Question 9

whats hypertonicity

Answer 9

1. spasticity- inability to recruit motor neurones
2. abnormal RI between agonist and antagonist
3. impaired coordination of muscle synergists

Question 10

whats coactivation

Answer 10

activation of both agonist and antagonist

Question 11

whats babinski reflex

Answer 11

occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot. The other toes fan out.

Question 12

increased muscle tone: a positive or negative symptom?

Answer 12

positive

Question 13

loss of descending control over lower motor neurones: positive or negative symptom?

Answer 13

negative

Question 14

paresis is a primary or secondary impairment?

Answer 14

primary

Question 15

changes in the muscle : primary or secondary impairment?

Answer 15

secondary

Question 16

define spasticity

Answer 16

a velocity-dependent increase in resistance of a muscle or muscle group to passive stretch

“a motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex, and is one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome”

Question 17

whats individuation?

Answer 17

ability to selectively activate a muscle (or limited set of muscles) allowing isolated joint motion

Question 18

describe 3 aspects that are affected with basal ganglia pathology

Answer 18

motor deficits, cognitive and behavioral disturbances

Question 19

name 3 things that characterize parkinsons

Answer 19

bradykinesia (slow movements reduced in amplitude);
rigidity (increased muscle tone);
resting tremor

Question 20

what can you observe with Parkinsons patients regarding gait and posture

Answer 20

flexed posture
impaired balance and slow gait

Question 21

why does parkinsons occur? physiologically

Answer 21

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

Question 22

define
- bradykinesia
- akinesia
- hypokinesia

Answer 22

• Bradykinesia: slowed movement time
• Akinesia: reduced ability to initiate movement
• Hypokinesia: movements decreased in amplitude

Question 23

whats the difference between spasticity and rigidity?

Answer 23

rigidity is not dependent on velocity of stretch

Question 24

we observe hypotonia : which part of brain is affected?

Answer 24

cerebellar impairments

Question 25

we observe coordination issues: which part of the brain is affected?

Answer 25

cerebellum

Question 26

we observe lack of fault correction: which part of the brain is affected?

Answer 26

cerebellum

Question 27

describe lead pipe rigidity

Answer 27

constant resistance to movement thru entire ROM

Question 28

describe cogwheel rigidity

Answer 28

alternating episodes of resistance and relaxation

Question 29

explain difference between athetosis movements and chorea

Answer 29

athetosis: more in upper limbs, slow involuntary movements chorea: rapid jerky movements

Question 30

postural control is divided into 2 categories. name these

Answer 30

postural stability and postural orientation

Question 31

whats diaschisis?

Answer 31

shock, a sudden change of function in a part of brain connected to a distant damaged brain area

Question 32

what also can occur after a lesion in brain besides diaschisis?

Answer 32

edema - cellular and vasogenic (disruption of BBB, accumulation of fluid)

Question 33

what happens when there's uncontrolled release of glutamate after a brain lesion?

Answer 33

increase in calcium influx leading to programmed cell death -apoptosis

Question 34

whats denervation

Answer 34

loss of nerve supply

Question 35

name the 4 intercellular responses to injury

Answer 35

1. denervation supersensitivity 2.unmasking of silent synpases 3. neural reorganization after injured axon

Question 36

which 5 things make for a recovery after a brain damage/lesion?

Answer 36

1. decrease of diaschisis 2. decrease of edema 3. reorganization of redundant pathways 4. cortical remapping treating ischemic penumbra

Question 37

whats penumbra

Answer 37

reversibly damaged injured brain tissue

Question 38

whats a cross modality plasticity

Answer 38

a striking adaptive feature of the brain, whereby the loss of one sensory modality induces cortical reorganization that leads to enhanced sensory performance in remaining modalities.

Question 39

name 2 types of nonassociative implicit learning

Answer 39

habituation and sensitization

Question 40

describe procedural learning

Answer 40

tasks and habits

Question 41

describe problems with cognitive disorder

Answer 41

attention and concentration; memory; actions; plan; language; behaviour

Question 42

someone who overestimates themselves, is detailed specific, has poor proprioception and neglect - has had a lesion in which hemisphere of the brain?

Answer 42

right hemisphere lesion

Question 43

someone who has aphasia, social isolation, depression, underesttimates themselves and has a global approach - has had a lesion in which side of the brain?

Answer 43

left side

Question 44

whats a medially located brain area?

Answer 44

limbic system

Question 45

name some neuromuscular impairments

Answer 45

- paresis, muscle weakness - coactivation - individuation - abnormal synergies - spasticity- abnormal muscle tone

Question 46

how to remember what hemiparesis is?

Answer 46

hemi (one side) - paresis (muscle weakness)

Question 47

does cerebellar impairment lead to hypertonia or hypotonia?

Answer 47

hypotonia

Question 48

whats ataxia?

Answer 48

lack of muscle coordination

Question 49

slow movement is termed as?

Answer 49

bradykinesia

Question 50

explain athetosis movement

Answer 50

slow involuntary twisting movements

Question 51

is babinski reflex a positive or negative symptom?

Answer 51

positive bc its added

Question 52

which parts are the action system?

Answer 52

motor cortex cerebellum basal ganglia (midbrain)

Question 53

spasticity; abnormal muscle tone; paresis; coordination problems: result of what impairment?

Answer 53

motor cortex impairment

Question 54

is spasticity part of upper or lower motor neurone syndrome?

Answer 54

upper

Question 55

hypotonia; tremor; ataxia and no fault correction: result of what impairment?

Answer 55

cerebellar impairment

Question 56

how do you subdivide hyperkinetic disorders? explain each

Answer 56

into chorea (rapid jerky movements) and athetosis movement (involuntary slow twisting movements)

Question 57

overestimating themselves: more common in R or L hemisphere lesions?

Answer 57

more common in R lesions

Question 58

describe left hemisphere lesion aftermath

Answer 58

depression reluctant aphasia social isolation underestimates themselves global approach

Question 59

describe right hemisphere lesion aftermath

Answer 59

impulsive, fast spatial disorientation left side neglect euphoria detailed focused