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year 2 > medical act 2.1 > Flashcards

medical act 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

how do you diagnose parkinsons

A

symptoms

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2
Q

do you use neuroimaging to diagnose parkinsons?

A

no, you use it to rule out other diseases

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3
Q

whats the treatment for parkinsons?

A

levadopa. and when levadopa is less effective, switch to dopamine agonists

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4
Q

name signs and symptoms of alzheimers

A

short term memory loss; mood swings; language problems; behavioral issues

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5
Q

name signs and symptoms of parkinsons

A

hard to initiate movement; shaking; rigidity; slowness of movement; thinking

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6
Q

risk factors for alzheimers

A

high blood pressure; head trauma; depression

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7
Q

how do you diagnose alzheimers

A

history taking; cognitive testing; brain tissue examination(usually in those who are dead)

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8
Q

whats the treatment for alzheimers

A

there’s none

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9
Q

whats diplopia

A

double vision

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10
Q

name 5 D’s and 3 Ns

A

diplopia,dysphagia, dysarthria, dynziness, drop attacks, ataxia, nystagmus, numbness, nausea

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11
Q

whats dysphagia

A

swallowing difficulties

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12
Q

whats nystagmus

A

involuntary movement of eye eg side to side or down up

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13
Q

whats ataxia

A

poor muscle control that causes voluntary movements

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14
Q

whats hemianopia

A

eye condition that describes losing half of your field of vision because of damage to the optic nerve in the brain

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15
Q

whats ipsilateral anhidrosis

A

lots of sweating on one side, none on the other

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16
Q

whats miosis

A

excessive constriction of pupil

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17
Q

whats ptosis

A

upper eyelid droops over the eye

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18
Q

are chances of dying within 28 days higher after ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke

A

haemorragic

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19
Q

during which time frame should you provide intravenous thrombolysis

A

<4.5h of stroke

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20
Q

when the symptoms of stroke have resolved, can you administer acetylsalicylic acid?

A

yes (an oral anticoagulant)

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21
Q

can u administer acetylsalicylic acid if symptoms of stroke havent resolved

A

no

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22
Q

whats carotid curage

A

removes plaque buildup in carotid artery

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23
Q

simvastatin is for what

A

a drug for those with high cholesterol

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24
Q

whats congential mean?

A

present at birth

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25
Q

whats a symptom of possible congenital neurological disorder

A

delayed developmental milestone

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26
Q

describe hydrocephalus and possible cause

A

swollen brain/ventricles
cause; premature birth

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27
Q

name some deficits of spina bifida

A

impaired sensory or motor function; muscle weakness/paralysis; bladder/bowel control

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28
Q

whats spina bifida

A

failed fusion of posterior spinous processes of the spine

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29
Q

describe epileptic seizure

A

a brief episode of signs/symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain

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30
Q

is a single seizure considered an epileptic seizure?

A

no

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31
Q

who is most at risk for epileptic seizures

A

young people and old people

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32
Q

explain cause for epileptic seizures in adults

A

stroke, cerebral trauma, alcohol withdrawal, unknown

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33
Q

explain cause for epileptic seizures in those <2 yrs old

A

fever, birth developmental defect

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34
Q

explain cause for epileptic seizures in old people

A

stroke, tumours

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35
Q

name 2 type sof seizures

A

partial and primary generalized

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36
Q

name treatment for epileptic seizures

A

anticonsulvants or antiepileptics - suppress excessive rapid firing of neurones

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37
Q

how long does a seizure last?

A

1-2mins

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38
Q

treatment for parkinsons?

A

levodopa or dopamine agonists

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39
Q

signs and symptoms of parkinsons?

A

rigidity, slowness of movement, difficulty walking; shaking

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40
Q

signs and symptoms of alzheimers?

A

memory loss, behavioral changes, short term memory loss, language problems; mood swings

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41
Q

explain chances of being seizure free with antiepileptic drugs - with each attempt

A

with first antiepileptic drug: >60% chance to be seizure free !!!!!!

if 1st drug = no effect, chances of being seizure free drop to 32%

If 2nd attempt fails, chances of being seizure free = limited

42
Q

neurodegenerative disorders: name a spinal cord injury

A

ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

43
Q

name a dementia disorder

A

alzheimers

44
Q

a way to remember parkinsons: what does TRAP syndrome stand for?

A

T: tremor
R: rigidity (stiffness)
A: akinesia (slow movement)
P: postural instabilities (balance disorders)

45
Q

name some nonmotoric symptoms in parkinsons

A

depression
anxiety
constipation
dementia

46
Q

what helps reduce side effects of levadopa

A

carbidopa

47
Q

what do dopamine agonists do

A

enhance sensitivity of dopamine receptors

48
Q

most common causes of dementia?

A

alzheimers and vascular dementia

49
Q

mini strokes influence the fluctuations in development in complaints in alzheimers or vascular dementia?

A

vascular dementia

50
Q

whats FTD?

A

frontotemporal dementia

51
Q

whats the treatment for FTD

A

there’s none

52
Q

what does FTD lead to?

A

behavioral changes, emotional changes, less empathy

53
Q

who experiences aids dementia complex ADC?

A

many people with HIV

54
Q

symptoms of AIDS dementia ADC?

A

forgetfulness, poor conc, depression, changes in behavior, mental slowness,

55
Q

whats ADC?

A

aids dementia complex

56
Q

can you treat ADC?

A

its fatal

57
Q

best treatment for aids dementia?

A

ART: antiretroviral therapy

58
Q

is the damage higher if injury is at the top or bottom of the spinal cord?

A

top

59
Q

loss of mobility occurs if which part of spinal cord is injured?

A

cervical spine

60
Q

is there a cure for spinal cord injury?

A

no

61
Q

3 aspects that can be affected with spinal cord injuries?

A

motorical, sensory and reflexes

62
Q

explain aftermath of a C5 injury

A

some or total paralysis of the wrist/hand/legs/trunk
weakened breathing
probably need wheelchair
& assistance with ADLs

63
Q

what type of disorder is spinal cord injury?

A

structural disorder

64
Q

what type of disorder is alzheimers?

A

degeneration

65
Q

whats an extra-axial haemorrhage

A

bleeding that occurs within the skull but outside the brain tissue

66
Q

9 red flags

A

5 Ds And 3 N’s
diplopia
dysphagia: swallowing difficulties
dysarthria
dizziness
drop attacks]ataxia
nystagmus
numbness
nausea

67
Q

is increased intracranial pressure the same thing as shock? what happens during both?

A

no they are opposite.
blood pressure & pulse during IICP decreases

blood pressure & pulse during shock increases

68
Q

risk factors for seizures

A

neurodegenerative disorders, brain traumas, strokes, infection of CNS, congenital malformations,

69
Q

whats an AED

A

antiepileptic drug

70
Q

if first AED works, chance of being epileptic free is? and if 2nd only works, whats the chance %wise?

A

1st - 60%
2nd - 32%

71
Q

whats ALS? what is it categorized under?

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; categorized under spinal cord disorder

72
Q

explain TRAP syndrome for PD

A

t-tremor
r- rigidity
a- akinesia - slow motion
p- postural instabilities, balance problems

73
Q

which drug is synthesized within the brain into dopamine when administered to PD patients?

A

levodopa

74
Q

how does dopamine agonists differ from levodopa?

A

less effective and less responsfluctuation

75
Q

name some symptoms of dementia

A

short term memory loss
difficulties communicating thoughts
rapid mood swings
disregard hygiene
frequent falls

76
Q

60-80% of dementia are what?

A

alzheimer’s

77
Q

cause of dementia?

A

damage to brain due to fast degeneration/death of calls

78
Q

whats FTD? and what does it affect

A

frontotemporal dementia
affects frontal and temporal lobes

79
Q

how does FTD affect a person?

A

behavioral changes
they are unaware of having symptoms related to dementia
less empathy and emotions

80
Q

whats a swollen brain condition called? and whats the cause for it?

A

hydrocephalus
cause: premature birth

81
Q

whats a practical treatment for those with PD and tremors?

A

deep brain stimulator

82
Q

symptoms of alzheimer’s?

A

short term memory loss
behavior changes
language problems
self care loss

83
Q

name signs and symptoms of MS

A

mental problems
coordination/sensation/muscle weakness/double vision

84
Q

what happens during MS?

A

insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged

85
Q

whats ALS? name some symptoms

A

amyotrofic lateral sclerosis
- progressive worsening
- stiff muscles
- muscle twitching

86
Q

why does ALS occur?

A

death of neurones which control voluntary muscles

87
Q

most common cause of passing away from ALS?

A

respiratory failure

88
Q

whats ALS: average survival?

A

2-4 years

89
Q

initial s&s of PD

A

less smell
less facial expressions
constipation

90
Q

physiology underlying alzheimer’s

A

formation of plaques in areas of brain controlling memory and vital cognitive functioning

91
Q

stiff muscles and muscle twitching: typical for which chronic degenerative disorder?

A

ALS

92
Q

death of neurones which control voluntary muscles: underlying physiology for which disease?

A

ALS

93
Q

central neurological disorders: s&S

A
  • persistent headaches
  • muscle weakness
  • tremors
  • impaired mental ability
  • loss of feeling; tingling
  • memory loss
94
Q

explain horners syndrome

A
  • ptosis: drooping eyelid
  • miosis: constricted pupil
  • ipsilateral anhidrosis: no sweating on the affected side
95
Q

whats a stroke?

A

blood flow to brain is cut off due to excessive bleeding or blood clot, causing brain cells to starve of oxygen and die

96
Q

intracranial pressure: what happens to B/P and pulse?

A

blood pressure increases
pulse decreases

97
Q

what does glasgow coma scale measure

A

how severe trauma is
eye, verbal, motor response
below 8 pts= coma

98
Q

when should you not administer acetylsalicylic acid to a patient and why?

A

if symptoms of stroke have not resolved yet
bc it increases risk for intracerebral hemorrhage

99
Q

whats the treatment for when theres stenosis (narrowing) of carotis interna?

A

carotid endarterectomy

100
Q

whats acetlysalicylic acid?

A

anticoagulant, blood thinner

101
Q

describe hemiplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia

A

hemi: one side (one arm and one leg affected)
di: both legs affected
quadriplegia: whole body affected

102
Q

epilepsy: more common in M or F?

A

M

year 2 (6 decks)

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