medical act 2.1 Flashcards
how do you diagnose parkinsons
symptoms
do you use neuroimaging to diagnose parkinsons?
no, you use it to rule out other diseases
whats the treatment for parkinsons?
levadopa. and when levadopa is less effective, switch to dopamine agonists
name signs and symptoms of alzheimers
short term memory loss; mood swings; language problems; behavioral issues
name signs and symptoms of parkinsons
hard to initiate movement; shaking; rigidity; slowness of movement; thinking
risk factors for alzheimers
high blood pressure; head trauma; depression
how do you diagnose alzheimers
history taking; cognitive testing; brain tissue examination(usually in those who are dead)
whats the treatment for alzheimers
there’s none
whats diplopia
double vision
name 5 D’s and 3 Ns
diplopia,dysphagia, dysarthria, dynziness, drop attacks, ataxia, nystagmus, numbness, nausea
whats dysphagia
swallowing difficulties
whats nystagmus
involuntary movement of eye eg side to side or down up
whats ataxia
poor muscle control that causes voluntary movements
whats hemianopia
eye condition that describes losing half of your field of vision because of damage to the optic nerve in the brain
whats ipsilateral anhidrosis
lots of sweating on one side, none on the other
whats miosis
excessive constriction of pupil
whats ptosis
upper eyelid droops over the eye
are chances of dying within 28 days higher after ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke
haemorragic
during which time frame should you provide intravenous thrombolysis
<4.5h of stroke
when the symptoms of stroke have resolved, can you administer acetylsalicylic acid?
yes (an oral anticoagulant)
can u administer acetylsalicylic acid if symptoms of stroke havent resolved
no
whats carotid curage
removes plaque buildup in carotid artery
simvastatin is for what
a drug for those with high cholesterol
whats congential mean?
present at birth
whats a symptom of possible congenital neurological disorder
delayed developmental milestone
describe hydrocephalus and possible cause
swollen brain/ventricles
cause; premature birth
name some deficits of spina bifida
impaired sensory or motor function; muscle weakness/paralysis; bladder/bowel control
whats spina bifida
failed fusion of posterior spinous processes of the spine
describe epileptic seizure
a brief episode of signs/symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain
is a single seizure considered an epileptic seizure?
no
who is most at risk for epileptic seizures
young people and old people
explain cause for epileptic seizures in adults
stroke, cerebral trauma, alcohol withdrawal, unknown
explain cause for epileptic seizures in those <2 yrs old
fever, birth developmental defect
explain cause for epileptic seizures in old people
stroke, tumours
name 2 type sof seizures
partial and primary generalized
name treatment for epileptic seizures
anticonsulvants or antiepileptics - suppress excessive rapid firing of neurones
how long does a seizure last?
1-2mins
treatment for parkinsons?
levodopa or dopamine agonists
signs and symptoms of parkinsons?
rigidity, slowness of movement, difficulty walking; shaking
signs and symptoms of alzheimers?
memory loss, behavioral changes, short term memory loss, language problems; mood swings
explain chances of being seizure free with antiepileptic drugs - with each attempt
with first antiepileptic drug: >60% chance to be seizure free !!!!!!
if 1st drug = no effect, chances of being seizure free drop to 32%
If 2nd attempt fails, chances of being seizure free = limited
neurodegenerative disorders: name a spinal cord injury
ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
name a dementia disorder
alzheimers
a way to remember parkinsons: what does TRAP syndrome stand for?
T: tremor
R: rigidity (stiffness)
A: akinesia (slow movement)
P: postural instabilities (balance disorders)
name some nonmotoric symptoms in parkinsons
depression
anxiety
constipation
dementia
what helps reduce side effects of levadopa
carbidopa
what do dopamine agonists do
enhance sensitivity of dopamine receptors
most common causes of dementia?
alzheimers and vascular dementia
mini strokes influence the fluctuations in development in complaints in alzheimers or vascular dementia?
vascular dementia
whats FTD?
frontotemporal dementia
whats the treatment for FTD
there’s none
what does FTD lead to?
behavioral changes, emotional changes, less empathy
who experiences aids dementia complex ADC?
many people with HIV
symptoms of AIDS dementia ADC?
forgetfulness, poor conc, depression, changes in behavior, mental slowness,
whats ADC?
aids dementia complex
can you treat ADC?
its fatal
best treatment for aids dementia?
ART: antiretroviral therapy
is the damage higher if injury is at the top or bottom of the spinal cord?
top
loss of mobility occurs if which part of spinal cord is injured?
cervical spine
is there a cure for spinal cord injury?
no
3 aspects that can be affected with spinal cord injuries?
motorical, sensory and reflexes
explain aftermath of a C5 injury
some or total paralysis of the wrist/hand/legs/trunk
weakened breathing
probably need wheelchair
& assistance with ADLs
what type of disorder is spinal cord injury?
structural disorder
what type of disorder is alzheimers?
degeneration
whats an extra-axial haemorrhage
bleeding that occurs within the skull but outside the brain tissue
9 red flags
5 Ds And 3 N’s
diplopia
dysphagia: swallowing difficulties
dysarthria
dizziness
drop attacks]ataxia
nystagmus
numbness
nausea
is increased intracranial pressure the same thing as shock? what happens during both?
no they are opposite.
blood pressure & pulse during IICP decreases
blood pressure & pulse during shock increases
risk factors for seizures
neurodegenerative disorders, brain traumas, strokes, infection of CNS, congenital malformations,
whats an AED
antiepileptic drug
if first AED works, chance of being epileptic free is? and if 2nd only works, whats the chance %wise?
1st - 60%
2nd - 32%
whats ALS? what is it categorized under?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; categorized under spinal cord disorder
explain TRAP syndrome for PD
t-tremor
r- rigidity
a- akinesia - slow motion
p- postural instabilities, balance problems
which drug is synthesized within the brain into dopamine when administered to PD patients?
levodopa
how does dopamine agonists differ from levodopa?
less effective and less responsfluctuation
name some symptoms of dementia
short term memory loss
difficulties communicating thoughts
rapid mood swings
disregard hygiene
frequent falls
60-80% of dementia are what?
alzheimer’s
cause of dementia?
damage to brain due to fast degeneration/death of calls
whats FTD? and what does it affect
frontotemporal dementia
affects frontal and temporal lobes
how does FTD affect a person?
behavioral changes
they are unaware of having symptoms related to dementia
less empathy and emotions
whats a swollen brain condition called? and whats the cause for it?
hydrocephalus
cause: premature birth
whats a practical treatment for those with PD and tremors?
deep brain stimulator
symptoms of alzheimer’s?
short term memory loss
behavior changes
language problems
self care loss
name signs and symptoms of MS
mental problems
coordination/sensation/muscle weakness/double vision
what happens during MS?
insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged
whats ALS? name some symptoms
amyotrofic lateral sclerosis
- progressive worsening
- stiff muscles
- muscle twitching
why does ALS occur?
death of neurones which control voluntary muscles
most common cause of passing away from ALS?
respiratory failure
whats ALS: average survival?
2-4 years
initial s&s of PD
less smell
less facial expressions
constipation
physiology underlying alzheimer’s
formation of plaques in areas of brain controlling memory and vital cognitive functioning
stiff muscles and muscle twitching: typical for which chronic degenerative disorder?
ALS
death of neurones which control voluntary muscles: underlying physiology for which disease?
ALS
central neurological disorders: s&S
- persistent headaches
- muscle weakness
- tremors
- impaired mental ability
- loss of feeling; tingling
- memory loss
explain horners syndrome
- ptosis: drooping eyelid
- miosis: constricted pupil
- ipsilateral anhidrosis: no sweating on the affected side
whats a stroke?
blood flow to brain is cut off due to excessive bleeding or blood clot, causing brain cells to starve of oxygen and die
intracranial pressure: what happens to B/P and pulse?
blood pressure increases
pulse decreases
what does glasgow coma scale measure
how severe trauma is
eye, verbal, motor response
below 8 pts= coma
when should you not administer acetylsalicylic acid to a patient and why?
if symptoms of stroke have not resolved yet
bc it increases risk for intracerebral hemorrhage
whats the treatment for when theres stenosis (narrowing) of carotis interna?
carotid endarterectomy
whats acetlysalicylic acid?
anticoagulant, blood thinner
describe hemiplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia
hemi: one side (one arm and one leg affected)
di: both legs affected
quadriplegia: whole body affected
epilepsy: more common in M or F?
M
