medical act 2.1 Flashcards
1
Q
how do you diagnose parkinsons
A
symptoms
2
Q
do you use neuroimaging to diagnose parkinsons?
A
no, you use it to rule out other diseases
3
Q
whats the treatment for parkinsons?
A
levadopa. and when levadopa is less effective, switch to dopamine agonists
4
Q
name signs and symptoms of alzheimers
A
short term memory loss; mood swings; language problems; behavioral issues
5
Q
name signs and symptoms of parkinsons
A
hard to initiate movement; shaking; rigidity; slowness of movement; thinking
6
Q
risk factors for alzheimers
A
high blood pressure; head trauma; depression
7
Q
how do you diagnose alzheimers
A
history taking; cognitive testing; brain tissue examination(usually in those who are dead)
8
Q
whats the treatment for alzheimers
A
there’s none
9
Q
whats diplopia
A
double vision
10
Q
name 5 D’s and 3 Ns
A
diplopia,dysphagia, dysarthria, dynziness, drop attacks, ataxia, nystagmus, numbness, nausea
11
Q
whats dysphagia
A
swallowing difficulties
12
Q
whats nystagmus
A
involuntary movement of eye eg side to side or down up
13
Q
whats ataxia
A
poor muscle control that causes voluntary movements
14
Q
whats hemianopia
A
eye condition that describes losing half of your field of vision because of damage to the optic nerve in the brain
15
Q
whats ipsilateral anhidrosis
A
lots of sweating on one side, none on the other
16
Q
whats miosis
A
excessive constriction of pupil
17
Q
whats ptosis
A
upper eyelid droops over the eye
18
Q
are chances of dying within 28 days higher after ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke
A
haemorragic
19
Q
during which time frame should you provide intravenous thrombolysis
A
<4.5h of stroke
20
Q
when the symptoms of stroke have resolved, can you administer acetylsalicylic acid?
A
yes (an oral anticoagulant)
21
Q
can u administer acetylsalicylic acid if symptoms of stroke havent resolved
A
no
22
Q
whats carotid curage
A
removes plaque buildup in carotid artery
23
Q
simvastatin is for what
A
a drug for those with high cholesterol
24
Q
whats congential mean?
A
present at birth
25
whats a symptom of possible congenital neurological disorder
delayed developmental milestone
26
describe hydrocephalus and possible cause
swollen brain/ventricles
cause; premature birth
27
name some deficits of spina bifida
impaired sensory or motor function; muscle weakness/paralysis; bladder/bowel control
28
whats spina bifida
failed fusion of posterior spinous processes of the spine
29
describe epileptic seizure
a brief episode of signs/symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain
30
is a single seizure considered an epileptic seizure?
no
31
who is most at risk for epileptic seizures
young people and old people
32
explain cause for epileptic seizures in adults
stroke, cerebral trauma, alcohol withdrawal, unknown
33
explain cause for epileptic seizures in those <2 yrs old
fever, birth developmental defect
34
explain cause for epileptic seizures in old people
stroke, tumours
35
name 2 type sof seizures
partial and primary generalized
36
name treatment for epileptic seizures
anticonsulvants or antiepileptics - suppress excessive rapid firing of neurones
37
how long does a seizure last?
1-2mins
38
treatment for parkinsons?
levodopa or dopamine agonists
39
signs and symptoms of parkinsons?
rigidity, slowness of movement, difficulty walking; shaking
40
signs and symptoms of alzheimers?
memory loss, behavioral changes, short term memory loss, language problems; mood swings
41
explain chances of being seizure free with antiepileptic drugs - with each attempt
with first antiepileptic drug: >60% chance to be seizure free !!!!!!
if 1st drug = no effect, chances of being seizure free drop to 32%
If 2nd attempt fails, chances of being seizure free = limited
42
neurodegenerative disorders: name a spinal cord injury
ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
43
name a dementia disorder
alzheimers
44
a way to remember parkinsons: what does TRAP syndrome stand for?
T: tremor
R: rigidity (stiffness)
A: akinesia (slow movement)
P: postural instabilities (balance disorders)
45
name some nonmotoric symptoms in parkinsons
depression
anxiety
constipation
dementia
46
what helps reduce side effects of levadopa
carbidopa
47
what do dopamine agonists do
enhance sensitivity of dopamine receptors
48
most common causes of dementia?
alzheimers and vascular dementia
49
mini strokes influence the fluctuations in development in complaints in alzheimers or vascular dementia?
vascular dementia
50
whats FTD?
frontotemporal dementia
51
whats the treatment for FTD
there's none
52
what does FTD lead to?
behavioral changes, emotional changes, less empathy
53
who experiences aids dementia complex ADC?
many people with HIV
54
symptoms of AIDS dementia ADC?
forgetfulness, poor conc, depression, changes in behavior, mental slowness,
55
whats ADC?
aids dementia complex
56
can you treat ADC?
its fatal
57
best treatment for aids dementia?
ART: antiretroviral therapy
58
is the damage higher if injury is at the top or bottom of the spinal cord?
top
59
loss of mobility occurs if which part of spinal cord is injured?
cervical spine
60
is there a cure for spinal cord injury?
no
61
3 aspects that can be affected with spinal cord injuries?
motorical, sensory and reflexes
62
explain aftermath of a C5 injury
some or total paralysis of the wrist/hand/legs/trunk
weakened breathing
probably need wheelchair
& assistance with ADLs
63
what type of disorder is spinal cord injury?
structural disorder
64
what type of disorder is alzheimers?
degeneration
65
whats an extra-axial haemorrhage
bleeding that occurs within the skull but outside the brain tissue
66
9 red flags
5 Ds And 3 N's
diplopia
dysphagia: swallowing difficulties
dysarthria
dizziness
drop attacks]ataxia
nystagmus
numbness
nausea
67
is increased intracranial pressure the same thing as shock? what happens during both?
no they are opposite.
blood pressure & pulse during IICP decreases
blood pressure & pulse during shock increases
68
risk factors for seizures
neurodegenerative disorders, brain traumas, strokes, infection of CNS, congenital malformations,
69
whats an AED
antiepileptic drug
70
if first AED works, chance of being epileptic free is? and if 2nd only works, whats the chance %wise?
1st - 60%
2nd - 32%
71
whats ALS? what is it categorized under?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; categorized under spinal cord disorder
72
explain TRAP syndrome for PD
t-tremor
r- rigidity
a- akinesia - slow motion
p- postural instabilities, balance problems
73
which drug is synthesized within the brain into dopamine when administered to PD patients?
levodopa
74
how does dopamine agonists differ from levodopa?
less effective and less responsfluctuation
75
name some symptoms of dementia
short term memory loss
difficulties communicating thoughts
rapid mood swings
disregard hygiene
frequent falls
76
60-80% of dementia are what?
alzheimer's
77
cause of dementia?
damage to brain due to fast degeneration/death of calls
78
whats FTD? and what does it affect
frontotemporal dementia
affects frontal and temporal lobes
79
how does FTD affect a person?
behavioral changes
they are unaware of having symptoms related to dementia
less empathy and emotions
80
whats a swollen brain condition called? and whats the cause for it?
hydrocephalus
cause: premature birth
81
whats a practical treatment for those with PD and tremors?
deep brain stimulator
82
symptoms of alzheimer's?
short term memory loss
behavior changes
language problems
self care loss
83
name signs and symptoms of MS
mental problems
coordination/sensation/muscle weakness/double vision
84
what happens during MS?
insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged
85
whats ALS? name some symptoms
amyotrofic lateral sclerosis
- progressive worsening
- stiff muscles
- muscle twitching
86
why does ALS occur?
death of neurones which control voluntary muscles
87
most common cause of passing away from ALS?
respiratory failure
88
whats ALS: average survival?
2-4 years
89
initial s&s of PD
less smell
less facial expressions
constipation
90
physiology underlying alzheimer's
formation of plaques in areas of brain controlling memory and vital cognitive functioning
91
stiff muscles and muscle twitching: typical for which chronic degenerative disorder?
ALS
92
death of neurones which control voluntary muscles: underlying physiology for which disease?
ALS
93
central neurological disorders: s&S
- persistent headaches
- muscle weakness
- tremors
- impaired mental ability
- loss of feeling; tingling
- memory loss
94
explain horners syndrome
- ptosis: drooping eyelid
- miosis: constricted pupil
- ipsilateral anhidrosis: no sweating on the affected side
95
whats a stroke?
blood flow to brain is cut off due to excessive bleeding or blood clot, causing brain cells to starve of oxygen and die
96
intracranial pressure: what happens to B/P and pulse?
blood pressure increases
pulse decreases
97
what does glasgow coma scale measure
how severe trauma is
eye, verbal, motor response
below 8 pts= coma
98
when should you not administer acetylsalicylic acid to a patient and why?
if symptoms of stroke have not resolved yet
bc it increases risk for intracerebral hemorrhage
99
whats the treatment for when theres stenosis (narrowing) of carotis interna?
carotid endarterectomy
100
whats acetlysalicylic acid?
anticoagulant, blood thinner
101
describe hemiplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia
hemi: one side (one arm and one leg affected)
di: both legs affected
quadriplegia: whole body affected
102
epilepsy: more common in M or F?
M
