Neuroanatomy Flashcards
whats the structure called that separates the different lobes in the brain?
fissures
what does diencephalon consist of
thalamus and hypothalamus
explain function of thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus: relays and processes sensory info
hypothalamus: hormone production, controls emotions, autonomic
function of limbic system
creating short term memories, emotions, behaviour
whats the brainstem called
truncus encephali
which function is basal ganglia known for
movement
how many nerves are purely sensory? how many purely motor?
S: 3
M: 5
Both: 4
whats the brainstem called
truncus encephali
whats spinal cord otherwise
medulla spinalis
difference between sulci and fissures
sulci: smaller separation lines
fissures: bigger lines
which structure separates the different lobes?
fissures
explain function of frontal lobe
memory
language
motor function
problem solving
spontaneity
explain function of occipital lobe
process visual info
explain function of parietal lobe
proprioception - posture, movement stability
spatial orientation
senses - sense, temp
explain function of temporal lobe
hearing
visual perception
language comprehension
memory
concentration
explain impaired brocas area
hard to produce fluent language and sentences
explain impaired wernickes area
hard to make sense (talk too much but doesnt make sense)
name the artery important in brain
common carotid artery
are descending tracts pyramidal or extrapyramidal?
pyramidal
when theres lesion in corticospinal tract, what impairments do you see?
spastic gait - hip hike gait
from descending pyramidal tracts 10-20% fibers do not cross. what are these for? what are the other 80-90% for?
trunk control
others are for distal limbs and muscles
how does spinothalamic ascneding tract travel?
sensory info - through thalamus - somatosensory cortex
do fibers of spinocerebella r tract cross over ? if so, where?
no they dont cross
explain the division of PNS
PNS divides further into autonomic NS and somatic NS
autonomic NS divides into sympathetic vs parasympathetic
somatic NS divides into sensory vs motor
when is there pupil dilatation - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic
goosebumps are an example of parasympathetic or sympathetic NS?
sympathetic
name 3 meninges
dura mater - attached to bony structure of skulkl
arachnoid
pia mater (attached to brain tissue, inner)
where else in the body can you find the 3 meninges other than the brain?
around spinal cord
name the 4 steps to recovery in mobility after a stroke.
- sitting balance
- stand up/sit down
- standing balance
- walking
formulating words - problem with which area of the brain?
broca’s area
why is circle of willis important
supplies oxygenated blood to over 80% of cerebrum.
its this circle part of the brain
name 3 important arteries that supply the cerebrum
ant, middle and post cerebral artery
cerebral arterial circle is known as the?
circle of willis
name 4 structures involved in limbic system
hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus
whats does hypothalamus do?
regulate autonomic nervous system - fight or flight or rest and digest
function of hippocampus?
memory
name an example of a basal ganglia disease? how does it manifest itself?
parkinsons; involuntary movements
mnemonics for sensory or motor cranial nerve
some say money matters but my brother says big brains matter more
whats diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus
function of hypothalamus
controls emotions and hormone production and autonomic nervous system
which 2 structures in the brain are involved in short term memory
amygdala, hippocampus
what makes up the striatum
caudate nuclei, putamen (basal ganglia parts)
function of basal ganglia
motor control and learning, executive functions, behavior
explain division of PNS
PNS - motor efferent division - divides into
1. somatic NS
2. autonomic NS
then autonomic divides further into
1. sympathetic (fight or flight)
2. parasympathetic (rest and digest)
where are the secondary centers of the parasympathetic system located?
truncus encephali (pons) and sacral spinal cord
where are the secondary centers of the sympathetic system located?
in C7-L2
whys circle of willis so important
supplies oxygenated blood to over 80% of cerebrum
which part of brainstem controls eye movement
midbrain
function of limbic system
short term memory, emotions, behaviour
which part of brain is responsible for short term mempory and which for emotions (limbic system)?
memory: hippocampus
emotions: amygdala
hows corpus striatum is composed and which part of brain is it a part of?
part of basal ganglia
compsoed of
- putamen
- caudate nucleus
which part of brainstem regulates ANS?
medulla oblongata
which cranial nerve is involved in kissing
cranial nerve 12, hypoglossal (M): muscles of tongue
difference in function between hypothalamus and hippocampus
hypo: ANS fight or flight, rest and digest
hippo: memories
mnenomic for cranial nerves
oh oh oh to touch and feel very green vegetables ah heaven
o-olfactory
- optic
o- oculomotor
t - trochlear
t- trigeminal
a-abducens
f-facial
v-vestibulocochlear
g-glossopharyngeal
v- vagus
a-accessory
h- hypoglossal
function of each cranial nerve
- olfactory: smell
- optic: sight
- oculomotor: eye movement
- trochlear: eye movement
5.trigeminal: face and mouth - a-abducens: eye muscle
7.facial: facial expressions
8.vestibulocochlear: balance hearing - glossopharyngeal: swallowing,taste
- vagus: parasympathetic (rest and digest) innervatiion thoracic and abdominal
- accessory: neck muscles
- hypoglossal: tongue muscles
which ascending tract crosses immediately in spinal cord?
spinothalamic trct
difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
pyramidal: travel thru pyramids of medulla; voluntary muscle control; originate in cortical areas
extrapyramidal: do not travel thru pyramids of medulla; involuntary muscle control; originate in brainstem
difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
pyramidal: travel thru pyramids of medulla; voluntary muscle control; originate in cortical areas
extrapyramidal: do not travel thru pyramids of medulla; involuntary muscle control; originate in brainstem
name pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
pyramidal
- corticospinal
-corticobulbar
extrapyramidal
- tectospinal
-vestibulospinal
-rubrospinal
-reticulospinal
name each ascending tract and where they cross over
spinocerebellar: does not cross
spinothalamic: cross in spinal cord
dorsal column: cross medulla
crossover site for pyramidal tracts
medulla oblongata
except anterior corticospinal tract- which does not cross over
lesion in which tract leads to hip hike/circumduction gait and babinski reflex?
corticospinal tract
