Neuroanatomy Flashcards by Anete Berzina

whats the structure called that separates the different lobes in the brain?

fissures

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what does diencephalon consist of

thalamus and hypothalamus

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explain function of thalamus and hypothalamus

thalamus: relays and processes sensory info
hypothalamus: hormone production, controls emotions, autonomic

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function of limbic system

creating short term memories, emotions, behaviour

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whats the brainstem called

truncus encephali

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which function is basal ganglia known for

movement

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how many nerves are purely sensory? how many purely motor?

S: 3
M: 5
Both: 4

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whats the brainstem called

truncus encephali

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whats spinal cord otherwise

medulla spinalis

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difference between sulci and fissures

sulci: smaller separation lines
fissures: bigger lines

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which structure separates the different lobes?

fissures

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explain function of frontal lobe

memory
language
motor function
problem solving
spontaneity

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explain function of occipital lobe

process visual info

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explain function of parietal lobe

proprioception - posture, movement stability
spatial orientation
senses - sense, temp

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explain function of temporal lobe

hearing
visual perception
language comprehension
memory
concentration

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explain impaired brocas area

hard to produce fluent language and sentences

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explain impaired wernickes area

hard to make sense (talk too much but doesnt make sense)

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name the artery important in brain

common carotid artery

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are descending tracts pyramidal or extrapyramidal?

pyramidal

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when theres lesion in corticospinal tract, what impairments do you see?

spastic gait - hip hike gait

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from descending pyramidal tracts 10-20% fibers do not cross. what are these for? what are the other 80-90% for?

trunk control

others are for distal limbs and muscles

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how does spinothalamic ascneding tract travel?

sensory info - through thalamus - somatosensory cortex

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do fibers of spinocerebella r tract cross over ? if so, where?

no they dont cross

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explain the division of PNS

PNS divides further into autonomic NS and somatic NS

autonomic NS divides into sympathetic vs parasympathetic

somatic NS divides into sensory vs motor

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when is there pupil dilatation - sympathetic or parasympathetic?

sympathetic

goosebumps are an example of parasympathetic or sympathetic NS?

sympathetic

name 3 meninges

dura mater - attached to bony structure of skulkl arachnoid pia mater (attached to brain tissue, inner)

where else in the body can you find the 3 meninges other than the brain?

around spinal cord

name the 4 steps to recovery in mobility after a stroke.

1. sitting balance 2. stand up/sit down 3. standing balance 4. walking

formulating words - problem with which area of the brain?

broca's area

why is circle of willis important

supplies oxygenated blood to over 80% of cerebrum. its this circle part of the brain

name 3 important arteries that supply the cerebrum

ant, middle and post cerebral artery

cerebral arterial circle is known as the?

circle of willis

name 4 structures involved in limbic system

hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus

whats does hypothalamus do?

regulate autonomic nervous system - fight or flight or rest and digest

function of hippocampus?

memory

name an example of a basal ganglia disease? how does it manifest itself?

parkinsons; involuntary movements

mnemonics for sensory or motor cranial nerve

some say money matters but my brother says big brains matter more

whats diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus

function of hypothalamus

controls emotions and hormone production and autonomic nervous system

which 2 structures in the brain are involved in short term memory

amygdala, hippocampus

what makes up the striatum

caudate nuclei, putamen (basal ganglia parts)

function of basal ganglia

motor control and learning, executive functions, behavior

explain division of PNS

PNS - motor efferent division - divides into 1. somatic NS 2. autonomic NS then autonomic divides further into 1. sympathetic (fight or flight) 2. parasympathetic (rest and digest)

where are the secondary centers of the parasympathetic system located?

truncus encephali (pons) and sacral spinal cord

where are the secondary centers of the sympathetic system located?

in C7-L2

whys circle of willis so important

supplies oxygenated blood to over 80% of cerebrum

which part of brainstem controls eye movement

midbrain

function of limbic system

short term memory, emotions, behaviour

which part of brain is responsible for short term mempory and which for emotions (limbic system)?

memory: hippocampus emotions: amygdala

hows corpus striatum is composed and which part of brain is it a part of?

part of basal ganglia compsoed of - putamen - caudate nucleus

which part of brainstem regulates ANS?

medulla oblongata

which cranial nerve is involved in kissing

cranial nerve 12, hypoglossal (M): muscles of tongue

difference in function between hypothalamus and hippocampus

hypo: ANS fight or flight, rest and digest hippo: memories

mnenomic for cranial nerves

oh oh oh to touch and feel very green vegetables ah heaven o-olfactory - optic o- oculomotor t - trochlear t- trigeminal a-abducens f-facial v-vestibulocochlear g-glossopharyngeal v- vagus a-accessory h- hypoglossal

function of each cranial nerve

1. olfactory: smell 2. optic: sight 3. oculomotor: eye movement 4. trochlear: eye movement 5.trigeminal: face and mouth 6. a-abducens: eye muscle 7.facial: facial expressions 8.vestibulocochlear: balance hearing 9. glossopharyngeal: swallowing,taste 10. vagus: parasympathetic (rest and digest) innervatiion thoracic and abdominal 11. accessory: neck muscles 12. hypoglossal: tongue muscles

which ascending tract crosses immediately in spinal cord?

spinothalamic trct

difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts

pyramidal: travel thru pyramids of medulla; voluntary muscle control; originate in cortical areas extrapyramidal: do not travel thru pyramids of medulla; involuntary muscle control; originate in brainstem

difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts

name pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts

pyramidal - corticospinal -corticobulbar extrapyramidal - tectospinal -vestibulospinal -rubrospinal -reticulospinal

name each ascending tract and where they cross over

spinocerebellar: does not cross spinothalamic: cross in spinal cord dorsal column: cross medulla

crossover site for pyramidal tracts

medulla oblongata except anterior corticospinal tract- which does not cross over

lesion in which tract leads to hip hike/circumduction gait and babinski reflex?

corticospinal tract