Physiology 2

Question 1

Anomia

Agraphia

Alexia

Acalculia

Aphasia

Apraxia vs ataxia

Answer 1

Anomia - problem naming objects

Agraphia - problems with writing

Alexia - problems reading

Acalculia - problems doing math

Aphasia - problems with speech

Apraxia v ataxia - movement vs coordination

Question 2

Temporal lobes

Answer 2

Contains primary auditory cortex

Connected to the limbic system and thus are involved in memory and emotions

Left - verbal memory
Right - visual memory

Damage causes aggression. Sexual behavior problems, declarative memory problems, and Wernicke’s.

Question 3

Occipital lobe

Answer 3

Primary visual cortex

Involved in sight, reading, visual images

Damage causes problems with recognizing drawn objects, colors, word blindness, hallucination and illusions

Question 4

Limbic system

Answer 4

HHATS

Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Septum

Question 5

Thalamus

Answer 5

Sensory relay center that received input from all senses EXCEPT sense of smell.

Critical to pain sensation

Processed sensory info before sending it to the cortical area

Damage linked to Schizophrenia (sensory input)

Question 6

Hypothalamus

Answer 6

Support homeostasis for temperature, hunger, sex, menstrual cycle, hormones, sleep-wake cycle.

Connected to endocrine system and autonomic nervous system

Contains Suprachiasmic nucleus

Hypo-pituitary axis > endocrine glands (thyroid, pancreas)

Question 7

Amygdala

Answer 7

Involved in fear, aggression, and emotional memory

Integrates sensory input to make emotional meaning

Damage causes Kluver Bucy Sundrome and PTSD

Question 8

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

Answer 8

Amygdala removal results in placidity, apathy, hypersexuality, excessive eating (hyperphasia), and agnosias (problems with recognition)

Question 9

Septum

Answer 9

Decreases aggression. Simmer down now.

Damage can result in Septal Rage Syndrome

Question 10

Basal ganglia

Answer 10

Coordination of movement and posture

Basal ganglia are inhibitory and they put brakes on movement to maintain posture.

Damage can cause extraneous movement and difficulty with voluntary movement as seen in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s

Question 11

Caudate Nucleus and putamen

Answer 11

In basal ganglia

Implicated in Huntington’s disease, produces continuous thrusting movement of face and limbs

Also implicated in Tourette’s and OCD

Question 12

Substantia Nigra

Answer 12

In basal ganglia

Contains DA neurons

Implicated in Parkinson’s, damage results in Tempe, rigidity, bradykinesia

Question 13

Cerebellum

Answer 13

Provides excitatory inputs to movement

Responsible for smooth movement, equilibrium and balance

Damage results in ataxia, lack of coordination in the absence of weakness or sensory loss

Vertigo, problems with grabbing objects, fine movement coordination all suggest cerebellum damage

Question 14

Brain stem

Answer 14

Pons & medulla - sleep, respiration, cardiovascular activity, and movement

Reticular formation - controls awareness, attention and sleep. Reticular activation system is a part of the reticular formation

Question 15

Biofeedback

Answer 15

EEG - electrical/neuro, ADHD, epilepsy, depression, strokes

EMD - muscle tension

EDR/GSR/galvanic - sweating, BP

ECG - cardiac

HRV - heart rate

Thermal —> Raynaud’s
Thermal + autogenic —> migraine
EMG—> incontinence

Question 16

HPA / HPG axis

Answer 16

Normal and premature puberty is caused by this

Question 17

Neural development stages

Answer 17

1) Proliferation
2) Migrate
3) Differentiation
4) Myelinaiton