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RS > Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 driving forces of air flow

A

atmosphere lung pressure gradient
respiratory muscles
coupling between lung and thoracic cage
resistance of airways

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2
Q

what is resistance and its equation

A

resistance is the force required to inflate or deflate lungs
R= pressure / air flow (Q)

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3
Q

Relationship between resistance and air flow

Relationship between resistance and diameter

A

inverse

inverse

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4
Q

respiratory pressure is always described relative to

A

atmospheric pressure

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5
Q

for air to flow inside the lungs intrapulmonary pressure must be ….. than Patm

A

Less

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6
Q

airway resistance mainly determined by

A

radius of conducting airway

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7
Q

for air to flow outside the lungs intrapulmonary pressure must be ….. than Patm

A

more

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8
Q

what controls contraction and dilation of smooth muscles in walls of bronchioles

A

ANS

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9
Q

Pulmonary ventilation or respiratory minute ventilation is

A

volume of air that enters lung per minute

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10
Q

direction of airflow is determined by difference between

A

atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

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11
Q

number of breaths per minute RR

A

12

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12
Q

Volume of air moved per breath (tidal volume)

A

500

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13
Q

Pulmonary ventilation how is it calculated and what is the value

A

Tidal volume * RR = 6000 ml / min

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14
Q

in inspiration what muscles contracts

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

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15
Q

what process of respiration is active and which one is passive

A

active ; inspiration

passive ; expiration

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16
Q

what muscle when it contracts it increases the thoracic wall superior inferior dimension

A

diaphragm

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17
Q

what muscle when it contracts it increases the thoracic wall anterior posterior dimension

A

external intercostal muscle

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18
Q

volume of thoracic cage increase and lungs expand during inspiration

A

true

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19
Q

decrease in intra pulmonary pressure to what value during inspiration

A

759 mmhg

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20
Q

increase in intra pulmonary pressure to what value during expiration

A

761 mmhg

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21
Q

negative intrapulmonary pressure pulls air into lungs during inspiration

A

true

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22
Q

relaxation of inspiratory muscles during expiration

A

true

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23
Q

volume of thoracic cavity increase during expiration

A

FALSE ( DECREASE)

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24
Q

……..intrapulmonary pressure push air out of lungs during expiration

A

positive

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25
Q

transpulmonary pressure is always

A

positive

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26
Q

at the end of inspiration and expiration

A

intra alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure

air will continue to flow down pressure gradient until two pressures equilibrate

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27
Q

throughout the cycle the intrapleural pressure is always ….. than intra alveolar pressure

A

less

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28
Q

trans mural pressure gradient always exist so lung always stretched to some degree even during expiration

A

true

29
Q

what are the muscles of normal tidal inspiration

A

diaphragm
external intercostal
laryngeal muscles

30
Q

accessory muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalene
serratus anterior
pectoralis major and minor

31
Q

muscles of forced expiration

A 
contract : internal intercostal 
abdominal muscles ( internal oblique , abdominal rectii and transversus abdominis ) 
relax : diaphragm and external intercostal
32
Q

during resting expiration

A

relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal

33
Q

what happens to lung volume and pressure during expiration

A

lung volume decrease and pressure increase

34
Q

what are the two modes of breathing

A

quiet ( eupnea ) and forced ( hyperpnea)

35
Q

what is eupnea and two derivatives of it

A

active inhalation and passive exhalation
diaphragmatic which is deep
costal which is shallow

36
Q

what is hyperpnea

A

active inhalation and exhalation

37
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A

rate at which new air reached alveoli

38
Q

during inspiration what happens to alveolar pressure relative to atmospheric pressure

A

less than atmospheric

(pull 0.5 L in )

39
Q

during expiration what happens to alveolar pressure relative to atmospheric pressure

A

more than atmospheric

push 0.5 L out

40
Q

how to calculate alveolar ventilation and its value

A

RR * (tidal volume - anatomical dead space)

4200 ml

41
Q

what happens to RR and TC when demand for oxygen increase

A

both increase

42
Q

what is the difference between lung volume and lung capacity

A

lung volume ; directly measured by spirometer

lung capacity ; combination of different lung volumes

43
Q

tidal volume value and definition

A

500 ml

volume of air moved in and out of lungs during single cycle at rest

44
Q

inspiratory reserve volume ( IRV) value and definition

A

3000 ml

extra volume of air that can be inspired on top of tidal volume

45
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) value and definition

A

1000 ml to 1100 ml

extra volume of air than can be actively expired by maximal expiration

46
Q

residual volume ( RV) value and definition

A

1200 ml

volume of air that remains in lungs after maximal expiration

47
Q

inspiratory capacity ( IC) value and definition

A

3500 ml

maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of quiet expiration (TV + IRV)

48
Q

functional residual volume (frv) value and definition

A

2200 ml to 2300 ml

volume of air that remains in lungs at the end of normal passive expiration ( ERV + RV)

49
Q

Vital capacity value and definition

A

4500 ml

maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath after maximum inspiration (TV +IRV + ERV)

50
Q

total lung capacity (TLC ) value and definition

A

5700 ml

maximum volume of air that lungs can hold ( VC + RV)

51
Q

what is forced vital capacity ( FVC)

A

you measure vital capacity when you forcefully exhale

52
Q

what is forced expiratory volume (FEV1)

A

volume you forcefully exhale in one second

53
Q

pulmonary function test (PFT)

A

you use FEV1 and FVC to diagnose respiratory diseases

54
Q

when actual FVC is more than predicts and FEV 1 is more than 80 % this is a healthy individual

A

true

55
Q

what disease a person has if FVC is less than predicted

A

restrictive pulmonary disease

56
Q

what disease a person has if FEV1 is less than 80%

A

Obstructive pulmonary disease

57
Q

gas laws are principles that govern the movement of gas molecules

A

true

58
Q

inspired air is moistened and warmed and exhaled air mixes with air in anatomic dead space

A

true

59
Q

what is BOYLE law

A

pressure of gas inside molecule is inversely proportional to volume of container if temp and number of gas molecules remain constant (P1V1 = P2V2)

60
Q

What is DALTON law ( law of partial pressure )

A

p total = sum of partial pressure of each gas

61
Q

what is HENRY law

A

solubility of gas is directly proportional to pressure applied

62
Q

total atmospheric pressure is equal to and what is the % each gas makes

A

760 mmhg
N2= 79 % (600 MMHG)
O2 = 21% (160 MMHG)

63
Q

Gas diffusion depends on

A

partial pressure and solubility of gas

64
Q

what is the pressure of each gas in alveoli

A 
PO2 = 104 
PCO2 = 40
65
Q

what is the pressure of each gas in pulmonary capillary before exchange

A

PO2=45

PCO2=40

66
Q

what is the pressure of each gas in pulmonary capillary after exchange

A

PO2 = 104

PCO2=40

67
Q

what is the pressure of each gas in expired air

A 
PO2 = 120 
PCO2= 27
68
Q

what is the pressure of each gas in inspired air

A

PO2 = 160

PCO2=0.3

RS (13 decks)

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