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Micro biology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Upper RS infections include

A

Pharyngitis
sinusitis
tonsilitis
otitis media

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2
Q

middle RS infection include

A 
epiglottitis 
laryngitis 
tracheitis 
bronchitis 
bronchiolitis 
croup / laryngotracheobronchitis
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3
Q

lower RS infection include

A

infection in lung parenchyma / pneumonia

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4
Q

rhinitis caused by , minor feature and what season is it common in

A

viral (rhinovirus then coronavirus )
minor feature is fever
humid szn

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5
Q

rhinitis typically present as

A

common cold

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6
Q

sinusitis caused by

A

viral but in odontogenic infections and immunocompromised fungal and bacterial infecs(H. inflenza , s. pneumonia and M . catarrhalis)

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7
Q

purulent discharge feature of sinusitis

A

true

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8
Q

sinusitis divided into

A

acute (recurrent)

chronic

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9
Q

pharyngitis mainly caused by

A

viral

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10
Q

what are you supposed to do when you discover a case of pharyngitis

A

rule out s. pyogenes due to sequelae (RF and GN)

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11
Q

Viral pharyngitis common in

A

4-7 years

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12
Q

what is otitis media

A

inflammation of mucosa in middle ear periosteum

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13
Q

otitis media mainly caused by

A

H. inflenza , s. pneumonia and M . catarrhalis

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14
Q

chronic cases caused by and its symp.

A

p.aeuriginsoa, enterobacterales and anaerobe

ear discharge and hearing loss

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15
Q

what is laryngitis and its symptoms

A

inflammation in laryngeal mucosa

voice hoarseness and stridor

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16
Q

laryngotracheobronchitis mucosal inflammation extending below ?

A

glottis

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17
Q

croup most common in what age group and caused by

A

1-2 yrs
parainfluenza 1,2 ,3
rhinovirus and adenovirus
Influenza and RSV

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18
Q

Clinically Croup

A

barking cough and stridor and hoarseness

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19
Q

differentiate croup from

A

Foreign body and acute epiglottitis

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20
Q

tracheitis part of viral disease of larynx and larynx usually

A

true

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21
Q

most cases of tracheitis associated with

A

s. aureus

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22
Q

treacheitis affects children at larger age group than croup

A

true

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23
Q

tracheitis has similar presentation to croup but …..

A

higher temp and thick purulent secretion

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24
Q

bronchitis types and causes

A

acute viral or atypical bacterial

chronic ; non infec, like smoking and pollution

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25
Q

acute excerbation of chronic bronchitis caused by

A

h. inflenza , s. pneumonia and M . catarrhalis)

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26
Q

bronchiolitis busually caused by

A

RSV

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27
Q

RSV bronchiolitis peaks in

A

winter

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28
Q

age group of bronchiolitis

A

2-10 mths

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29
Q

bronchiolitis clinical

A

history of URT infec with mild fever then 2-3 days symp of lower RT (cough , breathlessness and wheeze)

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30
Q

differential diagnosis of bronchiolitis

A

asthma or foreign body

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31
Q

pleuritic chest pain due to

A

pneumonia

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32
Q

picornaviridie member

A

rhinovirus

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33
Q

pneumoviridie members

A

RSV and hMPV

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34
Q

orthomyxoviridie member

A

influenza

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35
Q

paramyxoviridie member

A

parainfluenza

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36
Q

what viruses has negative sense ssRNA

A

orthomyxovirdae and paramyxovirdae and pneumovirdae

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37
Q

what viruses has positive sense ssRNA

A

coronaviradae and picornavirdae

38
Q

what viruses has linear dsdna

A

adenovirdae

39
Q

what virus has genome segmented into 7-8

A

orthomyxovirdae

40
Q

what viruses dont have an envelope

A

adenovirus and picornavirdae

41
Q

what is the major cause of rhinitis / common cold in all age groups

A

rhinovirus

42
Q

rhinitis mostly in what seasons

A

spring and autumn

43
Q

is there antiviral therapy or vaccine against rhinovirus

44
Q

coronavirdae divided into how many groups

A

alpha beta gamma delta

45
Q

what and how many coronaviruses implicated in global pandemics

46
Q

major ultrastructural feature of SARS COV 2 and what it does

A

s protein (spike) and it bind to ACE 2 on pneumocyte 1

47
Q

mutations in SARS COV 2 genome leads to what

A

appearance of VOC

48
Q

can presymp. transmission occur in covid 19

A

yes 2 days before symptoms

49
Q

immunocomp patient that tested positive and has non severe infection for how long will they transmit the virus

A

after 10 days of onset of illness they stop

50
Q

incubation period of covid 19 and the average period

A

14 days

4-5 days

51
Q

SARS COV 2 passes through how many stages and each lasting adeh

A

3

5-7 days

52
Q

stage I / mild of SARS COV 2 imp things

A

taste and smell disturbances
URT involevement
no dyspnea
normal chest xray

53
Q

stage II / moderate of SARS COV 2 imp things

A

radiological changes and dyspnea

two types IIA without hypoxia and IIB with hypoxia

54
Q

stage III/ severe of SARS COV 2 imp things

A

systemic hyperinflamation

elevation in IL-2 IL-6 IL-7 G-CSF TNFA CRP

55
Q

Treatment of mild cases of SARS COV 2

A

Symptomatic as outpatient like antipyretic or analgesic

56
Q

Treatment of ppl at risk of SARS COV 2

A

antiviral; molnupiravir

monoclonal ab ; casirimivab imdevimab

57
Q

Treatment of severe cases of SARS COV

A 
antiviral; remedesivir 
supportive therapy 
monoclonal ab 
in oxygen req :dexamethasone / glucocorticoid 
jak pathway inhib (barecitinib) 
il-6 pathway inhib (tocilizumab)
58
Q

vaccines of sars cov 2

A

viral vector ; johnson and johnson , sputnik and astrazeneca
mrna : pfizer and moderna
inactivated ; sinopharm

59
Q

influenza virus A affects and severity

A

wide host range and cause severe disease that leads to pandemics

60
Q

influenza virus B affects and severity

A

humans only rare epidemics

61
Q

influenza virus C affects and severity

A

humans and swine

little epidemic potential

62
Q

virion of influenza A B C

A

A and B 8 seg

C 7 seg

63
Q

glycoproteins on influenza envelope

A

HA (hemagglutinin ) for viral entry

NA ( neuraminadase) for viral release

64
Q

what serotype of influenza has no NA

65
Q

where does influenza virus replicate

A

in nucleus

66
Q

how does influenza virus change its antigenic makeup

A

antigenic drift ; cumulative mutation during replication

antigenic shift ; reassortment of gene segments when different viral strains infect the same host cell (co infec)

67
Q

where is antigenic shift only seen

A

influenza type A

68
Q

what is influenza

A

a clinical syndrome caused by influenza A and b to respiratory tract

69
Q

according to outbreak pattern divide influenza

A

seasonal / epidemic usually in winter

pandemic

70
Q

acute influenza symptoms in adult and child

A

adult ; after incubation period prodrome malaise nd headache for few hours then classical flu
children ; middle and lower RS involvement and GI symptoms with higher fever

71
Q

incubation period of influenza

72
Q

uncomplicated flu resolves in

73
Q

influenza more sever in child or adult

74
Q

lab diagnosis (RT PCR) for influenza diagnosis used for

A

high risk population or hospitalized

75
Q

cell culture for influenza for

A

epidemiological purposes

76
Q

flu primarily treated by

A

supportive (NSAID , decongestion and hydration)

77
Q

antiviral therapy for flu

A

oseltamivir and zanamivir are NA inhib against A nd B

amantidine and rimantidine prevent uncoating ONLY FOR A

78
Q

available flu formulation for influenza

A

injectable inactivated and intranasal live attenuated

79
Q

how many parainfluenza serotypes pathognemic to humans

80
Q

infection of parainfluenza 1 and 2 during what season and 3

A

1 and 2 autumn

3 all year

81
Q

is there any medications of vaccines for parainfluenza and rhinovirus

82
Q

what virus causes diseases that the severity decrease with age

A

RSV

febrile rhinitis and pneumonia below 1 and cold symptoms in older

83
Q

What virus cause bronchiolitis and pneumona below 1 year

84
Q

RSV most common during what season

85
Q

severe case of RSV treated by

A

guanosine analogue ( ribavirin)

86
Q

can RSV prevented in high risk infants

A

yes by anti RSV MAB

87
Q

pharyngoconjuctival fever caused by what serotypes of adeno

88
Q

pertussis like caused by what serotypes of adeno

89
Q

pneumonia caused by what serotypes of adeno

A

3 and 7 a and 7 b and 14

90
Q

outbreaks in military recruits caused by what serotypes of adeno

91
Q

what is used to treat adenovirus

A

cidofovir to treat adenoviral pneumona in immunocomprimised

92
Q

vaccines against adeno serotypes where are they found

A

military camps

RS (13 decks)

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