Physio 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the mechanisms for regulation of respiration

A

neural and chemical

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2
Q

what are the neural mechanisms of regulation and by what

A

voluntary by cerebral cortex

involuntary by brainstem ( pons and medulla)

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3
Q

what is the chemical regulation and by what

A

monitor o2 and co2 levels

by central and peripheral chemoreceptor

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4
Q

what is the neural automatic mechanism to establish a rhythmic breathing pattern

A

medullary respiratory center

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5
Q

what centers are present in medullary respiratory center

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Pneumotaxic center

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6
Q

what does the ventral respiratory group responsible for (charac)

A

inspiratory and expiratory neurons
inactive during quiet breathing
active during active / forced respiration
stimulate expiratory signals to abdominal muscles

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7
Q

what does the dorsal respiratory group responsible for (charac)

A

inspiratory neurons only
dormant during expiration
pacemaker
stimulate inspiratory muscles

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8
Q

what does the pneumotaxic centern responsible for (charac)

A

sends impulses to DRG to switch off inspiratory neurons

control switch off point of inspiratory ramp so control duration of filling phase of lung cycle

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9
Q

pneumotaxic signal strong

A

inspiration last for 0.5 sec so filling the lungs slightly

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10
Q

pneumotaxic signal is weak

A

inspiration lasts for 5 sec so filling the lungs with excess air

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11
Q

where is the chemosensitive area of respiratory center

A

beneath ventral surface of medulla

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12
Q

what is the chemosensitive area sensitive to

A

changes in co2 and H+ ( h+ indirect and less effect)

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13
Q

what is the respiratory reflex

A

rapid automatic adjustment in pulmonary ventilation

baroreceptor, stretch, chemoreceptor, irritating and others

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14
Q

what is the stretch receptor

A

located in muscular portion of bronchi and bronchiole and it responds to changes in lung volume and send signals through vagus nerve to DRG

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15
Q

What is the feedback response of stretch receptor

A

decrease inspiration when lung overinflated

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16
Q

where is the central and peripheral chemoreceptors

A

central in medulla oblongata

peripheral in carotid and aortic arteries

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17
Q

what do central and peripheral chemoreceptors detect and monitor

A

central detect ; interstitial co2 and monitor arterial co2 indirectly
peripheral detect; arterial co2 and monitor alveolar ventilation

18
Q

what is the main regulator of ventilation in central chemoreceptors

A

carbon dioxide generated H+

19
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors weakly and strongly responsive to

A

weakly ; arterial co2 changes

strongly ; increased arterial H+ conc

20
Q

what stimulates central and peripheral chemoreceptors

A

central : increase H+

peripheral : arterial PO2 below 60 mmhg

21
Q

peripheral chemoreceptor respond to changes of chemical content of arterial blood

A

true

22
Q

what causes hypercapnia and hypocapnia

A

hypercapnia by hypoventilation

hypocapnia by hyperventilation

23
Q

whhen PO2 levels below 60 mmhg what is triggered

A

respiratory center (DRG)

24
Q

When co2 levels rise by 10% what happens to RR

A

Doubled

25
Q

if PCO2 levels get too low what happens

A

unconsciousness

26
Q

where are baroreceptors located

A

aortic and carotid sinus

27
Q

what is baroreceptor reflex pathway

A

baroreceptors in aortic and carotid sinuses are monitored by sensory neurons in glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve then transmitted to respiratory center

28
Q

what happens in BP falls below normal

A

Respiratory center is stimulated

29
Q

respiration and BP have an inverse RS

A

true

30
Q

what is the protective reflex (irritant )

A

coughing or sneezing which is an apnea followed by forceful expulsion of air ( apnea ; period in which breathing has stopped )

31
Q

what is the inflation and deflation reflex activated by

A

stretch receptors in lungs during forced expiration ( TV above 1000ml)

32
Q

inflation reflex prevents what

A

overexpansion of lungs

inhibits inspiratory center and stimulate expiratory center

33
Q

deflation reflex inhibits and stimulates what

A

inhibits expiratory center and stimulate inspiratory center

34
Q

what is Hering Breuer reflex

A

Slowly adapting stretch R (SARs) located in bronchial airway only activated suring exercise to prevent excess lung inflation and terminate inspiration

35
Q

what is the apneustic center

A

stimulates inhalation by continuous stimulation of medulla oblongata
send impulses to DRG to delay switch off signal of inspiratory ramp by pneumotaxic center

36
Q

what controls intensity of breathing and what controls the filling duration of lung cycle

A

intensity : apneustic center (sends positive impulses to inspiratory neurons)
duration of filling : pneumotaxic center

37
Q

what inhibits apneustic center

A

pneumotaxic center

38
Q

location of baroreceptors, stretch receptors, chemoreceptors

A

baroreceptor ; carotid and aortic sinus
stretch receptor in smooth muscles of bronchi and bronchiole
central chemo; medulla
peripheral chemo; aortic and carotid artery

39
Q

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves involved in what reflex

A

baroreceptor

40
Q

vagus nerve involved in what reflex

A

stretch receptor