Physiology 1 Flashcards
respiratory functions of RS (4)
- Filter warm and humidify air
- moves air to and from exchange surfaces
- provides gas exchange surface area between air and blood
- protect respiratory surfaces
non respiratory function of RS (6)
- Enhance venous return
- maintain acid base balance
- enable speech and other vocalization
- defense
- inactivate, activate, modify and remove materials passing through pulmonary circulation
- organ of smell
two main processes of respiration
inhalation and exhalation
both CVS and RS are involved
true
co2 and o2 transported by blood
true
from where to where is respiratory tract
nose to bronchi
what is the primary organ of respiration
lungs
from where to where lung extends
clavicle to diaphragm
apex of lung above clavicle
true
lobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments
true
lobes of right and left name and number
right 3 sup, middle, inferior
left 2 sup , inf
left lung is smaller and narrower
true
what is pleura
serous membrane sacs surrounding lungs
what does visceral pleura cover
outer surface of lungs
what does parietal pleura cover
inner surface of thoracic wall
extends over diaphragm and mediastinum
what is pleural fluid
mucoid fluid between pleural layers made of ISF and protein
functions of pleural fluid
lubrication and pleural pressure
why is pleural pressure always negative
due to suction of excess fluid into lymphatic channels
what is pneumothorax
puncture in pleura so pleural pressure equals atmospheric so lungs collapse
two blood circulations in lungs and role of each
pulmonary circulation ; convey venous blood to lungs then oxygenated blood recieved by left side
bronchial circulation ; deliver oxygenated blood by bronchial artery from systemic circulation to tracheobronchial tree
nose lined by
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
function of cilia in respiratory epithelium
warm, filter and defense
nose composed of
dorsum of nose , nasal cartilage and nostrils / nares
pharynx shared by what two systems
RS and GI
oropharynx lined by
stratified squamous
what part of pharynx extend from base of tongue to esophagus
laryngopharynx
flood and air separated where
laryngopharynx
function of URT
filter, warm , humidify , protect and reabsorbs heat and water from expired air
from where to where lower RS
larynx to tertiary bronchioles
what is larynx made of
cartilagenous tube
Epiglottis, thyroid / adam , cricoid
function of larynx
protect glottis and provide passage to lower RS
trachea lined up with
pseudostratified ciliated coloumnar
trachea made of
15-20 c shaped cartilages
which main bronchus is wider
right
what fissures in right and left lobe
right horizontal and oblique
left only oblique
lobar bronchi number in right and left
right 3 and left 2
bronchiles then terminal bronchioles then respiratory then pulmonary lobule
true
do bronchioles have cartilage
no only smooth muscles
what are bronchioles controlled by
ANS , local chemicals and hormones
where is respiratory mucosa found
nasal cavity
superior pharynx / nasopharynx
superior portion of lower respiratory tract / trachea
where is stratified squamous found
inferior part of pharynx
where is simple squamous found
gas exchange surface / alveoli
conductive portion from where to where
nasal cavity to large bronchioles
respiratory portion from where to where
respiratory bronchiole to alveolar sac and duct
respiratory membrane or blood air barrier layers
alveolar cell layer epithelium
fused BM of alveolar and capillary
capillary endothelium
what factors decrease velocity of gas exchange
thickness of memb,. fibrosis and edema
what surround alveoli
extensive capillary network and elastic fibers
each alveolar duct ends in
cluster of alveoli (alveolar sac or saccule)
function of elastic fiber around alveoli
expand and recoil
name each type of cells in alveoli with %
type 1 alveolar (95%)
type 2 alveolar (5%)
macrophage (dust cells)
dead space types + describe each one
anatomical dead space; does not reach alveoli
alveolar dead space; ventilated but poorly perfused
physiological dead space : anatom.+ alveolar
tidal volume how much
500 ml
volume of air that does not participate in respiration
150 ml
atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted by air surrounding body ( 760 mmhg)
intrapulmonary pressure or intraalveolar pressure
pressure by air in lungs that varies according to respiration process
intra- pleural or intra thoracic pressure
equal 756 mmhg
trans pulmonary / trans mural / recoil pressure
measure recoil tendency of lung and the greater the difference the lungs can expand more
what is external respiration
exchange of gases between blood, lungs and external environment across blood air barrier
what are the two processes of external respiration
pulmonary ventilation : air moving in and out of lungs
alveolar ventilation ; air moving in and out alveoli
what is internal respiration
between blood and tissues
what is alveoli lined with
alveolar fluid
what does water in alveolar fluid does
attracted to each other creating a surface tension which opposes alveoli expansion and cause collapse
the greater the alveolar surface tension the ….. the compliant of lungs
less
what overcomes surface tension
surfactant
what is surfactant made of
phospholipid , proteins and ions
what another name of surfactant
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
whenwill surfactant start to be released by type 2 alveolar cells
6-7 th month of gestation
how does surfactant decrease surface tension forces
form monomolecular layer between water and air so prevent air water interface
surfactant increase lung compliance and prevent alveolar collapse
true
what is lung compliance
capacity of lung to expand / elasticity
what is responsible that determine lung compliance
elastin, collagen and surface tension
what happens to compliance in fibrosis
decrease ( deposition of collagen )
what happens to compliance in COPD (emphysema )
increase ( loss of elastin)
what does law of laplace state
pressure in alveoli directly proportional to surface tension and inversely prop to radius
magnitude of collapsing (P) in bubble (alveolus)
2 x t / r
surfactant reduce surface tension in smaller alveolus more than larger
true
what factors affect ventilation
compliance and airway resistance
