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RS > Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory functions of RS (4)

A
  1. Filter warm and humidify air
  2. moves air to and from exchange surfaces
  3. provides gas exchange surface area between air and blood
  4. protect respiratory surfaces
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2
Q

non respiratory function of RS (6)

A
  1. Enhance venous return
  2. maintain acid base balance
  3. enable speech and other vocalization
  4. defense
  5. inactivate, activate, modify and remove materials passing through pulmonary circulation
  6. organ of smell
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3
Q

two main processes of respiration

A

inhalation and exhalation

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4
Q

both CVS and RS are involved

A

true

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5
Q

co2 and o2 transported by blood

A

true

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6
Q

from where to where is respiratory tract

A

nose to bronchi

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7
Q

what is the primary organ of respiration

A

lungs

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8
Q

from where to where lung extends

A

clavicle to diaphragm

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9
Q

apex of lung above clavicle

A

true

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10
Q

lobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments

A

true

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11
Q

lobes of right and left name and number

A

right 3 sup, middle, inferior

left 2 sup , inf

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12
Q

left lung is smaller and narrower

A

true

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13
Q

what is pleura

A

serous membrane sacs surrounding lungs

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14
Q

what does visceral pleura cover

A

outer surface of lungs

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15
Q

what does parietal pleura cover

A

inner surface of thoracic wall

extends over diaphragm and mediastinum

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16
Q

what is pleural fluid

A

mucoid fluid between pleural layers made of ISF and protein

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17
Q

functions of pleural fluid

A

lubrication and pleural pressure

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18
Q

why is pleural pressure always negative

A

due to suction of excess fluid into lymphatic channels

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19
Q

what is pneumothorax

A

puncture in pleura so pleural pressure equals atmospheric so lungs collapse

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20
Q

two blood circulations in lungs and role of each

A

pulmonary circulation ; convey venous blood to lungs then oxygenated blood recieved by left side
bronchial circulation ; deliver oxygenated blood by bronchial artery from systemic circulation to tracheobronchial tree

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21
Q

nose lined by

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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22
Q

function of cilia in respiratory epithelium

A

warm, filter and defense

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23
Q

nose composed of

A

dorsum of nose , nasal cartilage and nostrils / nares

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24
Q

pharynx shared by what two systems

A

RS and GI

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25
Q

oropharynx lined by

A

stratified squamous

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26
Q

what part of pharynx extend from base of tongue to esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

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27
Q

flood and air separated where

A

laryngopharynx

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28
Q

function of URT

A

filter, warm , humidify , protect and reabsorbs heat and water from expired air

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29
Q

from where to where lower RS

A

larynx to tertiary bronchioles

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30
Q

what is larynx made of

A

cartilagenous tube

Epiglottis, thyroid / adam , cricoid

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31
Q

function of larynx

A

protect glottis and provide passage to lower RS

32
Q

trachea lined up with

A

pseudostratified ciliated coloumnar

33
Q

trachea made of

A

15-20 c shaped cartilages

34
Q

which main bronchus is wider

A

right

35
Q

what fissures in right and left lobe

A

right horizontal and oblique

left only oblique

36
Q

lobar bronchi number in right and left

A

right 3 and left 2

37
Q

bronchiles then terminal bronchioles then respiratory then pulmonary lobule

A

true

38
Q

do bronchioles have cartilage

A

no only smooth muscles

39
Q

what are bronchioles controlled by

A

ANS , local chemicals and hormones

40
Q

where is respiratory mucosa found

A

nasal cavity
superior pharynx / nasopharynx
superior portion of lower respiratory tract / trachea

41
Q

where is stratified squamous found

A

inferior part of pharynx

42
Q

where is simple squamous found

A

gas exchange surface / alveoli

43
Q

conductive portion from where to where

A

nasal cavity to large bronchioles

44
Q

respiratory portion from where to where

A

respiratory bronchiole to alveolar sac and duct

45
Q

respiratory membrane or blood air barrier layers

A

alveolar cell layer epithelium
fused BM of alveolar and capillary
capillary endothelium

46
Q

what factors decrease velocity of gas exchange

A

thickness of memb,. fibrosis and edema

47
Q

what surround alveoli

A

extensive capillary network and elastic fibers

48
Q

each alveolar duct ends in

A

cluster of alveoli (alveolar sac or saccule)

49
Q

function of elastic fiber around alveoli

A

expand and recoil

50
Q

name each type of cells in alveoli with %

A

type 1 alveolar (95%)
type 2 alveolar (5%)
macrophage (dust cells)

51
Q

dead space types + describe each one

A

anatomical dead space; does not reach alveoli
alveolar dead space; ventilated but poorly perfused
physiological dead space : anatom.+ alveolar

52
Q

tidal volume how much

A

500 ml

53
Q

volume of air that does not participate in respiration

A

150 ml

54
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

pressure exerted by air surrounding body ( 760 mmhg)

55
Q

intrapulmonary pressure or intraalveolar pressure

A

pressure by air in lungs that varies according to respiration process

56
Q

intra- pleural or intra thoracic pressure

A

equal 756 mmhg

57
Q

trans pulmonary / trans mural / recoil pressure

A

measure recoil tendency of lung and the greater the difference the lungs can expand more

58
Q

what is external respiration

A

exchange of gases between blood, lungs and external environment across blood air barrier

59
Q

what are the two processes of external respiration

A

pulmonary ventilation : air moving in and out of lungs

alveolar ventilation ; air moving in and out alveoli

60
Q

what is internal respiration

A

between blood and tissues

61
Q

what is alveoli lined with

A

alveolar fluid

62
Q

what does water in alveolar fluid does

A

attracted to each other creating a surface tension which opposes alveoli expansion and cause collapse

63
Q

the greater the alveolar surface tension the ….. the compliant of lungs

A

less

64
Q

what overcomes surface tension

A

surfactant

65
Q

what is surfactant made of

A

phospholipid , proteins and ions

66
Q

what another name of surfactant

A

dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine

67
Q

whenwill surfactant start to be released by type 2 alveolar cells

A

6-7 th month of gestation

68
Q

how does surfactant decrease surface tension forces

A

form monomolecular layer between water and air so prevent air water interface

69
Q

surfactant increase lung compliance and prevent alveolar collapse

A

true

70
Q

what is lung compliance

A

capacity of lung to expand / elasticity

71
Q

what is responsible that determine lung compliance

A

elastin, collagen and surface tension

72
Q

what happens to compliance in fibrosis

A

decrease ( deposition of collagen )

73
Q

what happens to compliance in COPD (emphysema )

A

increase ( loss of elastin)

74
Q

what does law of laplace state

A

pressure in alveoli directly proportional to surface tension and inversely prop to radius

75
Q

magnitude of collapsing (P) in bubble (alveolus)

A

2 x t / r

76
Q

surfactant reduce surface tension in smaller alveolus more than larger

A

true

77
Q

what factors affect ventilation

A

compliance and airway resistance

RS (13 decks)

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