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MFSRH Part 1 CM > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does oestrogen do

A

Thickens uterine lining

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2
Q

What does progesterone do to the uterus

A

Makes the endometrium become glandular and secretory
Thickens the myometrium and reduces motility

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3
Q

Oestrogen changes to mucus?

A

Thin, alkaline, stringy cervical mucus

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4
Q

Progesterone changes to mucus

A

Thick acidic cervical mucus

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5
Q

What is the most abundant estrogen

A

Estradiol (E2)

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6
Q

What is the most abundant estrogen

A

Estradiol (E2)

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7
Q

How is oestrogen produced

A

Produced by ovaries in response to LH

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8
Q

What does fsh do

A

Acts upon the ovary
Stimulates develment of a primary follice

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9
Q

What does LH do

A

Acts upon the ovary
Stimulates production of estradiol (E2)

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10
Q

How does progesterone affect body temp

A

Causes increase of 0.2°C

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11
Q

What nerve fibres control the external anal sphincter

A

Somatic nerve fibres of the pudendal nerve (which can be consciously relaxed)

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12
Q

What nerve fibres innervate the internal anal sphincter

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibres from the pudendal nerve (which relax involuntarily)

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet

A

Lateral - iliopectinealline
Anterior - pubic crest
Posterior - anterior margin of the base of the sacrum and sacral promontory

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14
Q

What are the three types of naturally produced oestrogen

A

Estradiol, estrone, estriol

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15
Q

Where is estradiol produced?

A

Ovaries

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16
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone
GnRH

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17
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone
GnRH

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18
Q

On what does GnRH act?

A

Anterior Pituitary (producing LH and FSH)

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19
Q

What happens to ovarian follicle cells when FSH/LH act on them?

A

Differentiate into theca cells and granulosa cells

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20
Q

Dominant hormone in follicular phase?

A

Oestrogen

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21
Q

Dominant hormone in luteal phase?

A

Progesterone

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22
Q

What happens to the pituitary as oestrogen levels rise?

A

Oestrogen acts as an inhibitor and less FSH is produced

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23
Q

What does oestrogen do to the pituitary just prior to ovulation

A

Pituitary becomes more sensitive to GnRH, increasing sensitivity to oestrogen creating a surge of LH and FSH

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24
Q

How does progesterone act on the pituitary in the luteal phase?

A

Acts as an inhibitor and reduces production of LH

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25
Q

What happens when there is a reduction of LH from the pituitary in the luteal phase?

A

Reduction in production of progesterone (leading to menstruation)

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26
Q

In what cell is cholesterol turned into steroids hormones

A

Theca cells

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27
Q

What is cholesterol turned into in theca cells

A

Pregnenolone (by cholesterol desmolase)

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28
Q

Where is testosterone converted?

A

In granulosa cells by aromatase into 17b-estradiol

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29
Q

What is 17b-estradiol bound to in the blood?

A

Sex hormone binding globulin ((SHBG)

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30
Q

What transports progesterone in the blood?

A

Albumin and transcortin

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31
Q

Systemic effects of oestrogen

A

Cardiovascular - protective, keeps blood vessel walls flexible, reduces levels of LDL cholesterol
Skeletal - sustains bone density

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32
Q

Systemic effects of oestrogen

A

Cardiovascular - protective, keeps blood vessel walls flexible, reduces levels of LDL cholesterol
Skeletal - sustains bone density

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33
Q

Systemic effects of progesterone

A

Maintains bone strength
Increases skin elasticity

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34
Q

What does the placenta produce?

A

Estriol
Progesterone

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35
Q

What estrogen is being produced during menopause?

A

Estrone (E1) (by fat cells and adrenal glands)

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36
Q

What increases hepatic synthesis of transport proteins

A

Oestrogen

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37
Q

Receptors on theca cells

A

LH

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38
Q

Receptors on granulosa cells

A

FSH

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39
Q

What is produced within the theca cell

A

LH stimulates production of cholesterol -> progestogens -> androgens
(Granulosa cells can also do cholesterol ->progesterone)

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40
Q

What does the granulose cells do to androgens

A

Turns them into oestrogens

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41
Q

How long do platelets live for

A

9-10 days

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42
Q

What does LH do in men

A

Stimulates production of testosterone from leydig cells

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43
Q

How many days to grow a follicle

A

80 days
(65 + 5 + 10)

44
Q

What produces AMH

A

Granulosa cells

45
Q

What is AMH

A

Peptide growth factor

46
Q

What is testosterone hydroxylated to

A

Dihydrotestosterone

47
Q

What it testosterone aromatised to

A

Estradiol

48
Q

Where is androstenedione produced

A

Ovaries and adrenals

49
Q

Where is DHEA produced

A

Ovaries and adrenals

50
Q

Where is prolactin secreted from

A

Lactotroph cells in anterior Pituitary

51
Q

What synthesizes growth hormones

A

Somatotrophs in the anterior Pituitary

52
Q

What controls production of growth hormone

A

Hypothalamic secretion of GHRH and somatostatin

53
Q

First stage of female puberty

A

Thelarche (breast development)

54
Q

What does oestrogen do in breast development

A

Duct growth

55
Q

What does progesterone do in breast development

A

Growth of lobules and alveoli

56
Q

When does DHEA production peak

A

Age 25

57
Q

Definition of Delayed puberty?

A

Absence of secondary sexual development by 12 OR
Failure of menarche within 3 years of onset of secondary sexual characteristics

58
Q

Where is oxytocin synthesized

A

Hypothalamus

59
Q

What increases ESR

A

Large cells (macrocytosis), fewer cells, more proteins

60
Q

LH subunit associated with PCOS

A

Beta subunit

61
Q

Where is prolactin produced

A

Anterior Pituitary gland

62
Q

What lymphocytes are the majority circulating lymphocytes?

A

T-cells

63
Q

Where is oxytocin synthesized

A

Hypothalamus for release from posterior pituitary gland.

64
Q

What produces inhibin in men

A

Sertoli cells

65
Q

Where do sperm acquire the ability to become mobile

A

Epidymis

66
Q

How are sperm formed

A

Primary spermatocytes are formed in the spermatogonium, which then divides into two secondary spermatocytes, which then becomes 4 spermatids

67
Q

What do DNA polymerase enzymes do

A

Required for DNA replication and repair

68
Q

MoA azithromycin

A

Prevents RNA dependant protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal sub unit

69
Q

What does factor Xa do

A

Converts prothrombin (Factor II) to thrombin

70
Q

What does thrombin do

A

Converts soluble fibrinogen into solid fibrin clot

71
Q

What are the factors in the PT pathway

A

Factor 7 then factor III

72
Q

If factor 10 is affected, what coagulation pathway is affected

A

Both PT and PTT as factor X is common pathway

73
Q

What receptors can be found on the bladder

A

Muscurinicn3 and beta 3

74
Q

What receptor is on the male internal urthrethra

A

Alpha 1 receptor

75
Q

What receptor is on the external urethral sphincter

A

Nicotinic receptor

76
Q

Where is the micturation system located

A

Pons

77
Q

What does the pelvic (parasympathetic) nerve act on on the bladder

A

M3 with acetylcholine causing contractions of the detrusor

78
Q

What receptor does the pudendal nerve act on in micturition

A

Releases acetylcholine onto the nicotinic receptor at the external urethral sphincter

79
Q

What does the hypogastric plexus (sympathetic) act on in the bladder

A

Releases noradrenaline onto beta 3 receptors causing relaxation of the detrusor
( And acts on alpha 1 receptor on internal sphincter causing contraction)

80
Q

What binds platelets to Von Willebrand Factor

A

Glycoprotein 1b

81
Q

What binds platelets together

A

Glycoprotein 2b/3a (and fibrinogen)

82
Q

Majority circulating estrogen for someone on coc

A

Estrone

83
Q

How much testosterone is bound to SHBG

A

2/3 of circulating testosterone

84
Q

How much testosterone is bound to albumin

A

1/3 of circulating testosterone is weakly bound to albumin

85
Q

How much testosterone is free circulation

A

2%

86
Q

Rare causes of hot flushes?

A

Pheochromocytoma and carcinoid syndrome

87
Q

Common causes of hot flushes

A

Menopause and hyperthyroid

88
Q

Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma

A

Catecholamines

89
Q

Diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome

A

24 hours urinary 5 hydroyindoleacetic acid

90
Q

What does 5 alpha reductase do?

A

Convert testosterone into the more potent dihydrotestosterone

91
Q

Gene mutation in 5 alpha reductase deficiency?

A

SRD5A2

92
Q

Type of mutation for 5alpha reductase

A

Autosomal recessive, sex limited (male)

93
Q

In theca cells, what converts cholesterol into pregnenalone

A

Cholesterol desmolase

94
Q

In theca cells what converts pregnenolone to progesterone

A

3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

95
Q

In theca cells, what happens to the pregnenalone that is not converted to progesterone

A

Converts to 17-hydroxypregnenolone then to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

96
Q

In theca cells, what converts DHEA to androstenedione

A

3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

97
Q

In granulosa cells, what converts androstenedione into testosterone

A

17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

98
Q

What does testosterone convert to in granulosa cells

A

17B estradiol via aromatase

99
Q

Where is oxytocin produced

A

Paraventricular nucleii of the hypothalmus

100
Q

Where is oxytocin releases from

A

Herring bodies on the posterior pituitary

101
Q

Where is prolactin produced

A

Lactotrophs in the anterior postuitary

102
Q

What inhibits prolactin?

A

Dopamine

103
Q

What does prolactin inhibit

A

GnRH (thus inhibiting lh and FSH)

104
Q

What does prolactin do

A

Stimulate breast milk productiin

105
Q

What does oxytocin do after birth

A

Cause alveolar duct myometrial cells to contract, pushing milk out

MFSRH Part 1 CM (15 decks)

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