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MFSRH Part 1 CM > Embryology And Fertilisation > Flashcards

Embryology And Fertilisation Flashcards

1
Q

Why is semen alkaline?

A

Neutralises acidic vaginal fluid

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2
Q

Approx how many sperm are left by the infundibulum?

A

1000

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3
Q

What kills off the sperm

A

Stuck in vaginal mucus
Lost in cervix
Absorbed by white blood cells
(Contraception)

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4
Q

Why do sperm rub against the tube walls

A

Removal of the glycoprotein coat of the acrosome.
Called capacitation

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5
Q

What is the acrosome

A

Cap like structure around sperms nucleus

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6
Q

What does the sperm secrete after capacitation

A

Hyaluronidase

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7
Q

What does hyaluronidase do

A

Breaks down hyaluronic acid (such as the layer that protects the egg)

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8
Q

What is the Corona radiata

A

Layer of follicular cells around the egg

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9
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

Extracellular matrix of glycoproteins

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10
Q

What are the stages of the acrosomal reaction

A
  1. Release of acrosin from the sperm
  2. Creation of actin anchors from the sperm that anchors and binds ZP3 proteins.leading to fusion of sperm and egg plasma layers - SPERM BINDING
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11
Q

What is the cortical reaction

A

Rise in internal egg calcium leads to fusion of granules with the egg cell membrane

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12
Q

What does the cortical reaction create

A

The hyaline layer

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13
Q

What does the hyaline layer do

A

Prevents more than one sperm from fertilising the egg

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14
Q

What happens inside the egg while the hyaline layer is being created

A

Meiosis II - creation of the 23 chromosome female pronucleus

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15
Q

What happens to the male and female pro nucleii

A

Dissolve the nucleus envelope and mitotic spindle weaves the chromosomes into complimentary pairs

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16
Q

What is the moment the zygote is formed called

A

Syngamy (single cell!)

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17
Q

Name the two outer layers of the egg

A

Corona radiata and zona pellucida

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18
Q

Where is the most likely place for fertilisation to take place?

A

Ampullary region of the fallopian tube

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19
Q

How many hours after fertilization has the zygote hit the 4 cell stage

A

40 hours

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20
Q

How many hours after fertilization has a zygote hit two cells

A

30 hours

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21
Q

What process in the zygote separates inner cells from outer cells in the blastocyte?

A

Compaction

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22
Q

What is the mullerian duct system responsible for the development of?

A

Uterus, cervix and upper two thirds of the vagina

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23
Q

What is a 16 cell blastocyst called

A

Morula (mulberry shaped)

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24
Q

What is the outside layer of the blastocyst called

A

Trophoblast

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25
Q

Embryoblast become what

A

Fetus

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26
Q

What cells invade the uterine wall at implantation

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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27
Q

How many cells has a zygote at 3 days after fertilization

A

12-16

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28
Q

What structure secretes hCG in early pregnancy

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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29
Q

A failure of cortication results in what?

A

Polyspermia

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30
Q

On day 8 what layer does the blastocyst attach to?

A

Decidua basalis

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31
Q

Name the segments of the trophoblast

A

Cytotrophoblast (mono nucleus)
Syncytiotrophoblast (many nucleii)

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32
Q

Explain the decidual reaction

A

High progesterone enlarges decidual cells and coats them in a sugar rich, fatty fluid.
Initially only occurs at decidua basalis, but eventually spreads throughout all of the decidua

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33
Q

What develops around day 14 outside the blastocyte

A

Primary villi start to grow, forming lacunae (empty spaces) and encouraging growth of blood vessels into the lacunae (this eventually creates a large pool of blood, the junctional zone)

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34
Q

What happens around day 14 inside the blastocyst

A

Formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc

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35
Q

What is found within the yolk sac

A

Vitelline fluid

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36
Q

What cells line the outside of the yolk sac

A

Hypoblasts

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37
Q

What is the initial stages of the embryos germ layers?

A

Epiblast

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38
Q

What lines the amniotic cavity

A

Epiblast cells

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39
Q

What do extraembryonic mesoderm cells do

A

Line the outside of the cytotrophoblast and create space for the chorionic cavity

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40
Q

What does the embryoblast become

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

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41
Q

In what direction does the primitive groove form

A

Caudal to cranial

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42
Q

What makes up the primitive streak

A

Primitive groove
Primitive pit
Primitive node

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43
Q

Name the layers of the trilaminar disc

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Extoderm

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44
Q

What are the two bilaminar areas in the trilaminar membrane

A

Oropharyngeal membrane (mouth)
Cloacal membrane (anus and genitourinary tracts)

45
Q

What does the notochord do

A

Transient solid rod
Influences embryo folding
Secretes sonic hedgehog (diffuses out and allows cells to know where they are in 3 dimensional space

46
Q

What does the mesoderm differentiate into on day 20

A

Paraxial, intermediate, lateral

47
Q

Explain neurulation

A

Neural plate - neural groove (with neural folds) - neural tube (between mesoderm and ectoderm)

48
Q

What happens in the junctionional zone at the end of week 3?

A

Secondary villi grow into the primary villi, creating the fetal contribution to the placenta and the villous capillary system

49
Q

What does gastrulation do

A

Gives the embryo it’s specific head to tail and front to back orientation

50
Q

What is the movement of epiblast cells towards the primitive streak called

A

Invagination

51
Q

What are the trophoblastic primary villi composed of

A

Cytotrophoblastic core covered by syncytiotrophoblast

52
Q

What is the first step of gastrulation

A

Formation of the primitive streak

53
Q

What is the source of germ layers during gastrulation

A

Epiblast

54
Q

What does the exocoeleomic membrane derived from

A

Hypoblasts

55
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take

A

74+4 days

56
Q

Where does the diaphragm originate from

A

Septum transversum of the fourth pharyngeal arch

57
Q

What is the origin of the renal tubules

A

Metanephric blastema

58
Q

What stimulates the mesonephric ducts

A

Androgens

59
Q

What stimulates the paramesonephric ducts

A

Oestrogen

60
Q

What causes regression of the paramesonephric ducts

A

Mullerian inhibiting substance

61
Q

What do the paramesonephric ducts become in men

A

Appendix testes

62
Q

What does the wolffian ducts become in females

A

Atrophy to Gartner’s duct, suspensory ligaments of the ovary

63
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

EXOSKELETON - skin, eye lens, external auditory meatus, adrenal medulla, nerve systems, appendages

64
Q

What does the mesoderm become

A

SKELE and MUSCLES dermis, urogenital ( kidney, repro), bone, muscle, vascular, lymph and spleen, adrenal cortex

65
Q

what does endoderm become

A

INNER = ORGANS eustachion tube, middle ear, GI tract, liver, endocrine bits, resp system, bladder

66
Q

What is the notochord from

A

mesoderm

67
Q

what does lateral mesoderm become

A

skeletal limbs

68
Q

what does intermediate mesoderm become

A

urogenital system

69
Q

what does paraxial mesoderm become

A

axial skeleton (somites become vertebral colum)

70
Q

what does the neural crest (ectoderm) become

A

cranial bones

71
Q

What are the parts of the pharangeal apparatus

A

Arches (mesoderm) Pouches (endoderm) clefts (ectoderm)

72
Q

Pharangeal arch 1 =

A

CN V (trigeminal) - muscles of mastication

73
Q

Pharangeal arch 2 =

A

CN IIV (facial) - muscles of facial expression

74
Q

pharangeal arch 3 =

A

CN IX (glossopharangeal) - swallowing (stylopharangeus) + hyhoid bone

75
Q

pharangeal arch 4 + 6=

A

CN X - Vagus nerve, (voice box,) larynx musces, some swallow`

76
Q

pharangeal pouch 1 =

A

eustachion tube

77
Q

Pharangeal pouch 2

A

palentine tonsil

78
Q

pharangeal pouch 3

A

inferior parathyroid + thymus

79
Q

pharangeal pouch 4 + 6

A

superior parathyroid, ultimobranchial body

80
Q

Pharangeal arch 1

A

maxillary arches

81
Q

Pharangeal arch 2

A

regresses

82
Q

pharangeal arch 3

A

internal and common carotids

83
Q

pharangeal arch 4

A

L = aorta arch R = subclavian

84
Q

Pharangeal arch 6

A

pulmonary arteries, L forms ductus arteriosus

85
Q

when does fetal heart start beating

A

day 22

86
Q

What is the allantois

A

connects yolk sac to hind-gut (endoderm). becomes median umbilical ligament.

87
Q

what produces HCG

A

syncytotrophoblast

88
Q

which fetal cells connect to maternal cells/blood

A

syncytotrophoblast

89
Q

What is another word for paraxial mesoderm

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

90
Q

What is another name for parietal mesoderm

A

Visceral mesoderm

91
Q

When does the neural tube close

A

Day 25 head end day 28 tail end

92
Q

What forms the somites

A

Paraxial mesoderm

93
Q

What connects the yolk sac to the midgut

A

Vitteline duc

94
Q

Where is the mesentery from

A

Mesoderm

95
Q

What does the septum transversum become when it meets the pleuroperitoneal fold?

A

Diaphragm

96
Q

What happens if there is a failure of the septum transversum and ventral pleuroperitoneal fold to meet

A

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

97
Q

What does the buccopharangeal membrane break down to become

A

Stomodeum

98
Q

Where does the respiratory diverticulum form from

A

The endoderm of the foregut

99
Q

Where do the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds form

A

The fore gut endoderm

100
Q

What grows down to divide the cloaca

A

Urogenital septum

101
Q

When does the superior mesenteric artery form?

A

Week 5

102
Q

Where does the gut go as it forms?

A

Between weeks 6 + 10 lengthen and twist out into the umbilical cord.
Then from week 10 return.
If not, omphalos.

103
Q

What happens if the vitiline duct doesn’t disappear?

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

104
Q

Where is Meckel’s diverticulum

A

50cm back from ceacum, on the illeum.

105
Q

What is liver made of

A

Mix of mesoderm and endoderm.
Most of billiary tree is endoderm
Special fetal blood making cells are mesoderm

106
Q

What does the liver divide the ventral mesogastrium into

A

Falciform ligament, + lesser omentum

107
Q

What does the dorsal mesogastrium become

A

Greater omentum (4x mesoderm layers)

108
Q

What makes up the muscles and cartilage of the chest wall

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

109
Q

What cavity do lungs grow into

A

Intraembryonic cavity

MFSRH Part 1 CM (15 decks)

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