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Semester 5 November > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Structure of muscle spindle

A

Fluid filled capsule

Lie in parallel with extrafusal fibres

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1
Q

Fx of outer pigmented layer of retina

A

Absorb light
Prevent scatter
Support neural retina
Recycles photopigment

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2
Q

What do muscle fibres measure

A

Length and rate of change of muscle

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3
Q

Types of muscle spindles

A

Nuclear bag and chain

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4
Q

Afferent fibres of muscle length detecting muscle spindles

A

1a and ll

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5
Q

Afferent fibres of muscle rate of change detecting muscle spindles

A

1a

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6
Q

Efferent supply to muscle spindles

A

Gamma 1 = dynamic

Gamma 2 = static and nuclear chain

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7
Q

Structure of Golgi tendon

A

Lies in series with muscle fibres
Within tendon
Collagen interwoven with axons of 1b afferents

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8
Q

Inter neuron 1b is inhibitory and synapses with…

A

Alpha motor neuron of same muscle = soft landing

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9
Q

What are central pattern generators

A

Generate rhythmic pattern of motor activity with phasic sensory input

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10
Q

What do bursting cells do

A

Drive motor neurons episodic behavior (central pattern generator)
Do this by producing plateau potential

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11
Q

Mechanism used when walking by central pattern generators

A

Reciprocal inhibition of flexors/extensors

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12
Q

Motor neurons in cochlear come from

A

Superior olivary nucleus

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13
Q

Frequency at which cochlear Afferent fibre most sensitive

A

Characteristic frequency

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14
Q

Sound pathway

A

Cochlear nerve > cochlear nucleus > trapezoid body > superior olive > lateral lemniscus > inferior colliculus (sound localization) > medial gen inculcate nucleus > primary auditory nucleus

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15
Q

Receptors for dorsal columns

A

Pacinian corpuscles

Golgi tendons

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16
Q

Functional modules of V1

A

Ocular dominance columns
Orientation columns
Blobs

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17
Q

Neurons from substantia nigra to basal ganglia

A

Nigrostriatal neurons

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18
Q

DOPA formed from

A

Tyrosine

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19
Q

Tract from midbrain to hypo campus

A

Mesolimbic

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20
Q

Midbrain to frontal cortex

A

Mesocortical

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21
Q

Vermis output

A

-> fastigial nucleus -> vestibular and reticular nuclei -> descending tracts

BALNCE

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22
Q

Intermediate hemisphere output

A

Interposed nuclei (emboli form and globose) -> red nucleus and thalamus

DISTAL MUSCLES OF LIMBS AND DIGITS

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23
Q

Cerebrocerebellar output

A

Dentate nucleus -> ventrolateral thalamus -> cerebral cortex -> corticospinal

PLANNING/REHEARSAL OF MOVEMENT.
ASSESSMENT OF MOVEMENT ERRORS.

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24
Define tonotopic mapping
Various regions of cochlear respond to different frequencies. CNVlll projects to slightly different places in CNS
25
How are glutamate connections strengthened
Ca/calmodulin kinase activity Retrograde messengers (NB need protein synthesis for long term memory)
26
What do NMDA receptors need to fire
Glycine, glutamate, depolarization of post synaptic neuron to release Mg (NB no zinc)
27
Name and brief description of metabotrophic glutamate receptor
Diacylglycerol-inositol triphosphate | G-protein -> GTP(PLC) -> PIP2 -> DAG and IP3 = Increase Ca
28
Types of long term memory
- implicit (unconscious, habits) | - explicit (conscious)
29
Role of the hippocampus in memory
- necessary for formation of new explicit memories | - temporary storage place for memories
30
Stages of explicit memory storage
- encoding - consolidation - storage - retrieval
31
Where is implicit memory stored?
In the perceptual, motor and emotional circuits
32
Associative learning
Pairing one stimulus with another (salivation)
33
Priming
Exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus
34
Habituation
Decreased response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
35
Sensitization
Enhancement of a the response to a test stimulus
36
What happens at an axo-axonic synapse?
- no direct effect on the trigger zone | - control the amount of transmitter released from the presynaptic terminal
37
What occurs in axo somatic synapses?
Inhibitory shunting
38
3 types of 2nd messenger systems
- cAMP - phosphoinositol - GIRK (muscarinic ACh receptors) inhibitory
39
4 steps of chemical synaptic transmission
- synthesis and storage of NTs - release - interaction with receptors - removal from synaptic cleft
40
NT definition
A substance released from a Neuron that affects a specific target in a specific manner
41
Criteria for substance to be a NT
- must be synthesised in presynaptic neuron - present in presynaptic terminal - if applied exogenously, has same effect - mechanism is needs to remove it from synaptic cleft
42
Types of neurotransmitters
- bio amines - purines - amino acids
43
Types of neuro active peptides
- opioids - tachykinins - secretins - insulins - somatostatins - gastrins
44
From where is acetylcholine released?
- somatic motor neurons - preganglionic autonomic neurons - postganglionic parasympathetic neurons - a few neurons
45
Clinical application of atropine
Acetylcholine antagonist - inhibits parasympathetic - allows sympathetic
46
Functions of acetylcholine in basal ganglia neurons
- arousal and wakefulness | - aspects of consciousness
47
Management of Alzheimer's
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
48
Pathways involving dopamine
- nigrostriatal - mesolimbic - mesocortical - tuberinfundibular
49
Where is norepinephrine released?
- lateral tegmental area | - locus ceruleus
50
Diseases associated with norepinephrine
- depression | - ADHD
51
Where is serotonin released?
Raphe nuclei
52
Functions of serotonin
- mood - control of food intake - pain - complex cognitive pathways - thermoregulation
53
Drugs that interact with serotonin
- antidepressants - psychedelics - antiemetics - anti migraine
54
Mechanisms of NT removal from cleft
- diffusion - enzymatic degradation - re uptake
55
How does Botox work
Destroys members of the SNARE complex needed for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles - prevents neuro transmission
56
Describe the pathology in myasthenia gravis
Circulating antibodies block ACh receptors at the post synaptic NMJ
57
2 types of metabotropic receptors
- GPCR | - receptor tyrosine kinase
58
What type of receptor is NMDA
Ionotropic glutamate receptor
59
How does NMDA work?
``` Needs - glycine cofactor - ca2 - inhibited by PCP and Mg2 - ```
60
Role of NMDA R
Translate electrical signals into biochemical signals
61
Types of GABA receptors
A - ionotropic | B - metabotropic
62
Net effect of neuronl integration depends on
- location of synapse - size of synapse - shape of synapse - proximity and strength of other inputs - resting potential of the cell
63
Definition of reflex
Involuntary coordinated patterns of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli
64
Difference between type 1a and 2 sensory fibers
1a respond to muscle change | 2 fire when muscle is static
65
Functions of premotor cortex
- coordinates more complex movements - planning via sensory feedback - controls learnt motor skills
66
Definition of motor unit
Single LMN and the muscle fibers it innervates
67
Definition of motor neuron pool
Collection of LMNs that innervates a single muscle
68
Protanopic
No red pigment
69
Deuteranopic
No green pigment
70
Tritanopic
No blue pigment
71
Layers of the eye
Fibrous (cornea and sclera) Vascular (uvea) Internal (retina)
72
Action of sensory receptors
Transduction | - convert one form of energy to electrical energy
73
Normal CSF pressure
Less than 200 mmH2O
74
Addiction pathway
- drinking causes dopamine release in the reward pathway - irreversible changes in the neural networks that control motivation and reward-related behavior - dopamine release from terminals of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in nucleus accumbens
75
Where does one emotionally perceive unpleasantness?
Insula cortex and cingulate cortex
76
Where is Broca's area?
Frontal lobe, anterior to primary motor cortex controlling muscles for speech
77
Hormonal processes at onset of parturition
- placenta signals fetal hypothal to secrete CRF - stimulates release of ACTH from fetal pituitary gland - stimulates release of cortisol from fetal adrenal gland (accelerates maturation of lung and increases production of surfactant) - stimulates release of androgen DHEA (converted to estrogen by placenta) - estrogen upregs production of gap junctions in myometrium and expression of oxytocin receptors - increases excitability of myometrium and increases contractions - estrogen increases prostaglandin production which induces cervical ripening
78
Features of Alzheimer's plaques
- beta-amyloid deposits - degenerating neurons with neurofibrillary tangles - reactive astrocytes and micro glia

Semester 5 November (14 decks)

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