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Semester 5 November > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Structure of muscle spindle

A

Fluid filled capsule

Lie in parallel with extrafusal fibres

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1
Q

Fx of outer pigmented layer of retina

A

Absorb light
Prevent scatter
Support neural retina
Recycles photopigment

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2
Q

What do muscle fibres measure

A

Length and rate of change of muscle

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3
Q

Types of muscle spindles

A

Nuclear bag and chain

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4
Q

Afferent fibres of muscle length detecting muscle spindles

A

1a and ll

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5
Q

Afferent fibres of muscle rate of change detecting muscle spindles

A

1a

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6
Q

Efferent supply to muscle spindles

A

Gamma 1 = dynamic

Gamma 2 = static and nuclear chain

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7
Q

Structure of Golgi tendon

A

Lies in series with muscle fibres
Within tendon
Collagen interwoven with axons of 1b afferents

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8
Q

Inter neuron 1b is inhibitory and synapses with…

A

Alpha motor neuron of same muscle = soft landing

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9
Q

What are central pattern generators

A

Generate rhythmic pattern of motor activity with phasic sensory input

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10
Q

What do bursting cells do

A

Drive motor neurons episodic behavior (central pattern generator)
Do this by producing plateau potential

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11
Q

Mechanism used when walking by central pattern generators

A

Reciprocal inhibition of flexors/extensors

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12
Q

Motor neurons in cochlear come from

A

Superior olivary nucleus

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13
Q

Frequency at which cochlear Afferent fibre most sensitive

A

Characteristic frequency

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14
Q

Sound pathway

A

Cochlear nerve > cochlear nucleus > trapezoid body > superior olive > lateral lemniscus > inferior colliculus (sound localization) > medial gen inculcate nucleus > primary auditory nucleus

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15
Q

Receptors for dorsal columns

A

Pacinian corpuscles

Golgi tendons

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16
Q

Functional modules of V1

A

Ocular dominance columns
Orientation columns
Blobs

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17
Q

Neurons from substantia nigra to basal ganglia

A

Nigrostriatal neurons

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18
Q

DOPA formed from

A

Tyrosine

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19
Q

Tract from midbrain to hypo campus

A

Mesolimbic

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20
Q

Midbrain to frontal cortex

A

Mesocortical

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21
Q

Vermis output

A

-> fastigial nucleus -> vestibular and reticular nuclei -> descending tracts

BALNCE

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22
Q

Intermediate hemisphere output

A

Interposed nuclei (emboli form and globose) -> red nucleus and thalamus

DISTAL MUSCLES OF LIMBS AND DIGITS

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23
Q

Cerebrocerebellar output

A

Dentate nucleus -> ventrolateral thalamus -> cerebral cortex -> corticospinal

PLANNING/REHEARSAL OF MOVEMENT.
ASSESSMENT OF MOVEMENT ERRORS.

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24
Q

Define tonotopic mapping

A

Various regions of cochlear respond to different frequencies. CNVlll projects to slightly different places in CNS

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25
Q

How are glutamate connections strengthened

A

Ca/calmodulin kinase activity
Retrograde messengers

(NB need protein synthesis for long term memory)

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26
Q

What do NMDA receptors need to fire

A

Glycine, glutamate, depolarization of post synaptic neuron to release Mg

(NB no zinc)

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27
Q

Name and brief description of metabotrophic glutamate receptor

A

Diacylglycerol-inositol triphosphate

G-protein -> GTP(PLC) -> PIP2 -> DAG and IP3 = Increase Ca

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28
Q

Types of long term memory

A
  • implicit (unconscious, habits)

- explicit (conscious)

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29
Q

Role of the hippocampus in memory

A
  • necessary for formation of new explicit memories

- temporary storage place for memories

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30
Q

Stages of explicit memory storage

A
  • encoding
  • consolidation
  • storage
  • retrieval
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31
Q

Where is implicit memory stored?

A

In the perceptual, motor and emotional circuits

32
Q

Associative learning

A

Pairing one stimulus with another (salivation)

33
Q

Priming

A

Exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus

34
Q

Habituation

A

Decreased response to a stimulus after repeated presentations

35
Q

Sensitization

A

Enhancement of a the response to a test stimulus

36
Q

What happens at an axo-axonic synapse?

A
  • no direct effect on the trigger zone

- control the amount of transmitter released from the presynaptic terminal

37
Q

What occurs in axo somatic synapses?

A

Inhibitory shunting

38
Q

3 types of 2nd messenger systems

A
  • cAMP
  • phosphoinositol
  • GIRK (muscarinic ACh receptors) inhibitory
39
Q

4 steps of chemical synaptic transmission

A
  • synthesis and storage of NTs
  • release
  • interaction with receptors
  • removal from synaptic cleft
40
Q

NT definition

A

A substance released from a Neuron that affects a specific target in a specific manner

41
Q

Criteria for substance to be a NT

A
  • must be synthesised in presynaptic neuron
  • present in presynaptic terminal
  • if applied exogenously, has same effect
  • mechanism is needs to remove it from synaptic cleft
42
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A
  • bio amines
  • purines
  • amino acids
43
Q

Types of neuro active peptides

A
  • opioids
  • tachykinins
  • secretins
  • insulins
  • somatostatins
  • gastrins
44
Q

From where is acetylcholine released?

A
  • somatic motor neurons
  • preganglionic autonomic neurons
  • postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
  • a few neurons
45
Q

Clinical application of atropine

A

Acetylcholine antagonist

  • inhibits parasympathetic
  • allows sympathetic
46
Q

Functions of acetylcholine in basal ganglia neurons

A
  • arousal and wakefulness

- aspects of consciousness

47
Q

Management of Alzheimer’s

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

48
Q

Pathways involving dopamine

A
  • nigrostriatal
  • mesolimbic
  • mesocortical
  • tuberinfundibular
49
Q

Where is norepinephrine released?

A
  • lateral tegmental area

- locus ceruleus

50
Q

Diseases associated with norepinephrine

A
  • depression

- ADHD

51
Q

Where is serotonin released?

A

Raphe nuclei

52
Q

Functions of serotonin

A
  • mood
  • control of food intake
  • pain
  • complex cognitive pathways
  • thermoregulation
53
Q

Drugs that interact with serotonin

A
  • antidepressants
  • psychedelics
  • antiemetics
  • anti migraine
54
Q

Mechanisms of NT removal from cleft

A
  • diffusion
  • enzymatic degradation
  • re uptake
55
Q

How does Botox work

A

Destroys members of the SNARE complex needed for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
- prevents neuro transmission

56
Q

Describe the pathology in myasthenia gravis

A

Circulating antibodies block ACh receptors at the post synaptic NMJ

57
Q

2 types of metabotropic receptors

A
  • GPCR

- receptor tyrosine kinase

58
Q

What type of receptor is NMDA

A

Ionotropic glutamate receptor

59
Q

How does NMDA work?

A 
Needs
- glycine cofactor 
- ca2 
- inhibited by PCP and Mg2 
-
60
Q

Role of NMDA R

A

Translate electrical signals into biochemical signals

61
Q

Types of GABA receptors

A

A - ionotropic

B - metabotropic

62
Q

Net effect of neuronl integration depends on

A
  • location of synapse
  • size of synapse
  • shape of synapse
  • proximity and strength of other inputs
  • resting potential of the cell
63
Q

Definition of reflex

A

Involuntary coordinated patterns of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli

64
Q

Difference between type 1a and 2 sensory fibers

A

1a respond to muscle change

2 fire when muscle is static

65
Q

Functions of premotor cortex

A
  • coordinates more complex movements
  • planning via sensory feedback
  • controls learnt motor skills
66
Q

Definition of motor unit

A

Single LMN and the muscle fibers it innervates

67
Q

Definition of motor neuron pool

A

Collection of LMNs that innervates a single muscle

68
Q

Protanopic

A

No red pigment

69
Q

Deuteranopic

A

No green pigment

70
Q

Tritanopic

A

No blue pigment

71
Q

Layers of the eye

A

Fibrous (cornea and sclera)
Vascular (uvea)
Internal (retina)

72
Q

Action of sensory receptors

A

Transduction

- convert one form of energy to electrical energy

73
Q

Normal CSF pressure

A

Less than 200 mmH2O

74
Q

Addiction pathway

A
  • drinking causes dopamine release in the reward pathway
  • irreversible changes in the neural networks that control motivation and reward-related behavior
  • dopamine release from terminals of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in nucleus accumbens
75
Q

Where does one emotionally perceive unpleasantness?

A

Insula cortex and cingulate cortex

76
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

Frontal lobe, anterior to primary motor cortex controlling muscles for speech

77
Q

Hormonal processes at onset of parturition

A
  • placenta signals fetal hypothal to secrete CRF
  • stimulates release of ACTH from fetal pituitary gland
  • stimulates release of cortisol from fetal adrenal gland (accelerates maturation of lung and increases production of surfactant)
  • stimulates release of androgen DHEA (converted to estrogen by placenta)
  • estrogen upregs production of gap junctions in myometrium and expression of oxytocin receptors
  • increases excitability of myometrium and increases contractions
  • estrogen increases prostaglandin production which induces cervical ripening
78
Q

Features of Alzheimer’s plaques

A
  • beta-amyloid deposits
  • degenerating neurons with neurofibrillary tangles
  • reactive astrocytes and micro glia

Semester 5 November (14 decks)

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