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Semester 5 November > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

0
Q

Name of arch 1

A

Meckel’s

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1
Q

Neural crest cells can produce

A 
Cranial and sensory ganglia
Adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells)
Melanocytes
Branchial arch cartilage
Parasympathetic plexus in gut
C cells of thymus
Bulbar and Conan ridges of heart
Schwann cells
Arachnoid and pia mater
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2
Q

Name of arch 2

A

Reichert’s

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3
Q

Cartilage in arch 1 forms

A

Malleus and incus

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4
Q

Cartilage in arch 2 forms

A

Stapes and stylus

lesser horn and body of hyoid

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5
Q

Cartilage of arch 3 forms

A

Greater horn and body of hyoid

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6
Q

Cartilage of arches 4 and 6 form

A

Larynx

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7
Q

Nerve supply to Branchial arches 1,2,3,4&6

A

V3, VII, IX, X

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8
Q

Muscles formed by arch 1

A 
Mastication
Mylohyoid
Half digastric
Tensor tympani
Tensor palatini
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9
Q

Muscles formed by arch 2

A

Facial expression
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Half digastric

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10
Q

Muscles formed by arch 3

A

Stylopharngeus

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11
Q

Muscles formed by arches 4&6

A

Pharynx
Larynx
Levator of palate
Oesophagus

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12
Q

Structure formed by pouch 1

A

Auditory tube

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13
Q

Structure formed by pouch 2

A

Palatine tonsil

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14
Q

Structure formed by pouch 3

A

Parathyroid gland

Thymus

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15
Q

Structure formed by pouch 4

A

Parathyroid gland

Ultimo-brachial body (C cell of thyroid)

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16
Q

Structure formed by first dorsal cleft

A

External auditory meatus

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17
Q

Describe basic development of thyroid

A

Down growth from tongue (ant 2/3 and post 1/3 junction) thyroid diverticulum
Foramen cecum formed on tongue
Thyroglossal duct from foramen cecum to thyroid

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18
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue formed by arch?

A

1

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19
Q

Nerve supply to anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

Motor -XII
General sensory - V3
Special sense - VII

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20
Q

Nerve supply to posterior 2/3 of tongue

A

Motor - XII
General sensation - IX
Special sense - IX

21
Q

Remnant of notochord in adult

A

Nucleus pulposis of intervertebral disk

22
Q

Part of somites that forms vertebral column

A

Sclerotome

23
Q

Division of alar and basal lamina/plates

A

Sulcus limitans

24
Q

Cell type that forms neural tube

A

Neuroepithelial cells

25
Q

Zones of neural tube

A
  1. Ventricular - ependymal cells
  2. Intermediate/ mantle - grey matter
  3. Marginal - white matter
26
Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

27
Q

Rhombencephalon forms

A
  1. Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

2. Myelencephalon (medulla)

28
Q

Divisions of occipital somites

A

Pre otic
Pre orbital
Pre occipital

29
Q

What is formed from Pre occipital so mites

A

Muscles of tongue

30
Q

What is formed by Pre otic and Pre orbital somites

A

Extrinsic muscles of eye

31
Q

What forms filtrum

A

Downgrowth of frontonasal prominence

32
Q

What structures join to form nasolacrimal duct

A

Frontonasal prominence

Maxillary prominence of Branchial arch 1

33
Q

What embyological defect causes DiGeorge syndrome

A

Abnormal development of the third and fourth branchial arches. Thymic hypo/a-plasia

34
Q

Describe process of neurulation

A

Week 3 - midline ectoderm thickens forming neural plate.
Neural plate wider at cephalic end.
Lateral plate edges thicken = neural folds (induced by underlying notochord and somites)
Folds develop and neural groove is seen
Folds meet and fuse to form neural tube

35
Q

Anomalies of neural crest cell migration

A

Treacher Collin’s syndrome

Albinism

36
Q

Describe embryological development of vertebral column

A

Neural tube lies posterior to notochord
Mesenchymal blocks on either side of notochord
Medial somites = sclerotome
Week 4 - Sclerotome migrates and clusters around notochord
Week 6 - differentiate into chondroblasts separated by mesenchyme
Week 8 - expansion of chondroblasts eliminates notochord

37
Q

Main steps of palatogenesis

A
  • elevation
  • horizontal growth
  • midline contact, adhesion
  • fusion
38
Q

Morphological stages of early tooth development

A
  • bud
  • cap
  • bell
  • terminal differentiation
39
Q

Describe odontoblasts

A
  • neural-crest derived mesenchymal cells
  • form predentin
  • calcifies to form dentin
40
Q

What do ameloblasts do?

A
  • produce enamel
41
Q

Adontia

A

Total lack of tooth development

42
Q

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

A

Teeth are translucent and roughened with severe amber discoloration

43
Q

Dentine dysplasia

A

Primary teeth are translucent and amber but secondary central incisors are normal

44
Q

Amelogenesis imperfecta

A

Abnormal tooth enamel formation

45
Q

Hypodontia

A

Lack of development of one or more teeth

46
Q

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia

A

Maldevelopment of one or more ectodermal-derived tissues

47
Q

How many permanent teeth should we have?

A

32

48
Q

Embryonic origin of cranial and spinal meninges

A
  • somatic and cephalic mesoderm

- neural crest cells

49
Q

Factors that influence the effect of a teratogen on embryonic development

A
  • robusticity (genetics) of the baby
  • sex of baby (boys more ecosensitive)
  • timing of exposure
  • amount of exposure
  • duration of exposure
50
Q

What originates from neural crest cells

A
  • cranial and sensory ganglia and nerves
  • adrenal medulla
  • melanocytes
  • branchial arch cartilages
  • bulbar and clonal ridges of the heart
  • meninges
  • cranial mesenchyme and connective tissue

Semester 5 November (14 decks)

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