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Semester 5 November > Anatomical Pathology > Flashcards

Anatomical Pathology Flashcards

0
Q

T1 MRI shows

A

Lipid

Anatomy

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1
Q

Intracellular inclusions seen in Parkinson’s

A

Lewy bodies

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2
Q

T2 shows

A

Water

Nature of lesion

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3
Q

Mechanisms of cerebral oedema

A

Cytotoxic

Vasogenic

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4
Q

Cytotoxic oedema is…

A

Increased intracellular fluid secondary to cell membrane injury.
Eg hypoxia, toxins

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5
Q

Vasogenic oedema is…

A

Disrupted BBB leading to increased intercellular fluid.
Eg localized - adjacent to inflam, tumour
Generalized - entire brain

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6
Q

Egs of ring enhancing lesions

A

Abscess
Metastatic tumour
Late hemorrhage
Late infarct

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7
Q

Neonatal bacteria causing meningitis

A

E. coli

L monocytogenes

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8
Q

Childhood meningitis organisms

A

H influenzae
S pneumoniae
N meningitidis

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9
Q

CNS reaction types to viruses

A
  1. Acute myelo/meningo/encephalitis
  2. Post vaccinal/ acute perivenous demyelination
  3. SSPE
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10
Q

Types of extra cerebral haemorrhage

A

Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid

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11
Q

Causes of subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

Rupture of berry aneurysm
Idiopathic
Blood dyscrasias
Rupture of AV malformation

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12
Q

Define berry aneurysm

A

Internal elastic laminate damage with developmental arterial media defect at bi/trifurcation

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13
Q

Types of Intracerebral haemorrhage

A

Primary and secondary

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14
Q

Cause of primary intracerebral haemorrhage

A

Rupture of Charcot-Bouchard micro aneurysms of penetrating cerebral arteries

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15
Q

Who is most atrisk for primary Intracerebral haemorrhage

A

Middle aged to elderly hypertensives

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16
Q

Causes of secondary Intracerebral haemorrhage

A 
Mycotic aneurysms
AV malformations
Thrombocytopenia 
Neoplasms
Vasculitis
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17
Q

Types of lesions in traumatic haemorrhage

A

Focal (contusions, lacerations, coup and contrecoup)

Diffuse (diffuse axonal injury)

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18
Q

Most common site of brain tumour in children

A

Posterior fossa

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19
Q

Common midline brain tumours

A

Germinoma
Pituitary adenoma
Craniopharyngioma
Meningioma

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20
Q

Common CP brain tumours

A

Acoustic schwannoma

Meningioma

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21
Q

Common peri ventricular brain tumours

A

Ependymoma

Neurocytoma

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22
Q

Common parenchymal tumours

A

Glial - astrocytoma, oligodendroma, glioblastoma

Neuronal - neurocytoma

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23
Q

Common metastatic brain tumours

A

Ca lung, breast, colon
Melanoma
Choriocarcinoma

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24
Therapy given for leukaemia in brain
Intrathecal cytotoxic therapy
25
Adaptive mechanisms for raised ICP
Reduce CSF Pressure atrophy of brain Reduce blood volume
26
False localizing sign in raised ICP
Kernohan's notch
27
Cushing's triad
Raised systolic BP Bradycardia Irregular breathing
28
Methods used to decrease ICP
``` Decrease CO2 (keep normocapnic) as CO2 dilated blood vessels Mannitol creates osmotic gradient taking water out of neurons ```
29
Major risk factors for stroke
HPT Atherosclerosis Previous stroke
30
Other risk factors for stroke
DM, CF, CAD, Afib
31
Three causes of ischemia in brain
Embolism Thrombus Hypotension
32
Types of infarct (5)
``` White matter infarction Laminar infarction Watershed infarction Pale infarction Haemorrhagic infarction ```
33
Mechanisms of haemorrhagic infarct in brain
Reperfusion of pale infarct | SSS thrombosis
34
Aetiology of anencephalocoele
Folate deficiency Maternal DM Anti epileptics Alcohol
35
Grading in brain tumour increases with
Pleomorphism Vascularity Mitotic activity
36
Features of CNS blastoma
Large nucleus Little cytoplasm Minimal to no differentiation
37
Malformation
Morphological defect of part of an organ that resulted from abnormal developmental process
38
Deformation
Abnormal shape or position of body part due to abnormal MECHNICAL forces
39
Disruption
Morphological defect coming from breakdown or interference of originally normal development
40
Causes of malformations
Genetic Teratogens Multifactorial
41
Why NTDs higher in Transkei
Fumonism | Fungal mycotoxin in contaminated maize
42
Area of disorganized tissue in anencephaly
Cerebrovasculosa
43
Two treatment options for hydrocephalus
Endoscopic 3rd ventriculostomy | Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
44
Factors that reduce life expectancy in NTD
Chiari malformations Hydrocephalus Neurogenic bladder Scoliosis
45
Charcot Bouchard aneurysms show
Intimate thickening Medial fibrosis Rupture of elastic lamina
46
Components of ring enhancing lesion
Central black = necrosis White ring = leaking vessels Black outer ring = vasogenic oedema
47
Why may subdural present late (even after bleed stops)
Breakdown of blood -> increased osmolarity -> fluid drawn into subdural region -> increased volume
48
Why aspirin contraindicated in subdural haemorrhage
Inhibits COX which in turn decreases amounts of PGG2 and PGH2. These are substrates for the formation of TXA2 which causes platelet aggregation and vessel vasoconstriction
49
Define macerated
Dead in utero and undergoing autolysis. | Dissolution of tissue due to enzyme breakdown following death
50
Five likely malformations in FASD
``` Heart defects Skeletal abnormalities Microcephaly Congenital hydronephrosis Anal agenesis ```
51
Common causes of congenital anomalies
Drugs - thalidomide, warfarin, retinoic acid Alcohol Maternal DM Congenital infections = TORCHS
52
Features of congenital syphilis
``` Hydrops fetalis + placental oedema Pancreatitis HSM with pericellular fibrosis Osteochondritis Skin lesion Pneumonia alba ```
53
Cancers caused by alcohol in fetus
Embryonal tumours Blastomas eg neuroblastoma Extra renal Wilm's tumour Malignant mesenchymoma
54
Neurons most susceptible to ischemia
- pyramidal cells of hippocampus - neocortex - purine cells of cerebellum
55
Golden rules for primary brain tumours
- malignant tumours don't show distant metastasis - benign tumours don't show distant metastasis - benign can kill patients, malignant don't always - if parenchymal tumour can be shelled out, high grade malignant lesion
56
What pathology associated with subfalcine herniation?
ACA compression
57
Signs in congenital hydrocephalus
- macrocephaly - widely separated sutures - huge fontanelles - relatively small face - intellectual impairment, spastic paresis - cerebellar ataxia
58
3 branches of ophthalmic nerve
Lacrimal Frontal Naso ciliary
59
Long term eye complications of diabetes
- diabetic retinopathy | - diabetic cataracts
60
Long term complications of diabetes in the foot
- gangrene (microangiopathy) - diabetic foot - peripheral neuropathy
61
Why are diabetics at risk for UTIs
- raise urinary sugar is a good culture medium for organisms | - obstruction of urethral from papillary necrosis
62
Mechanism for micro proteinuria in diabetics
- glycosylation of the BM of the glomerulus making it more permeable to proteins
63
Possible causes of easy bruising in leukemia
- thrombocytopenia - splenomegaly (platelet sequestration) - direct plt dysfunction - DIC
64
Causes of granulomatous lymphadenopathy
- TB - sarcoidosis - fungal infection - syphilis
65
Cardiac diseases that could result in cerebral infarct
- cardiomyopathy | - bacterial endocarditis
66
How ntds cause congenital hydrocephalus
- obstruction of foramen magnum by displaced cerebellum from the tethered cord
67
Complications of an untreated lumbar meningomyelocoele
- leg paraplegia - urinary incontinence - fecal incontinence - ascending meningitis
68
Name of haemorrhage in adrenals
Waterhouse friderichsen syndrome
69
CNS effects in FAS
- microcephaly - mental retardation - hypotonia - poor coordination - hyperactivity - sleep disorder - spastic tetraplegia - seizures - hydrocephalus
70
Factors contributing to persistence of ulcers in diabetic foot
- peripheral neuropathy - repeated trauma and damage - macroangiopathy (poor blood flow - poor healing) - microangiopathy (poor blood flow) - poor efflux of neutrophils from vessels - raised glucose (prolif of bacteria)
71
Mechanism of AF leading to stroke
- decreased flow in atrial chamber - increased thrombotic tendency - thromboembolism - MCA (straightest pathway)
72
Mechanism of AF in chronic rheumatic heart disease
- myocarditis (damage and fibrous repair) - MS (damage and repair by fibrosis) - muscle hypertrophy ( increased o2 demand) - interruption of electrical pathway
73
Congenital abnormalities associated with FAS
- congenital heart defect - skeletal abnormality - microcephaly - congenital hydronephrosis - anal agenesis
74
Ocular signs in raised ICP
- pupillary dilation - papilloedema - CN 3 weakness

Semester 5 November (14 decks)

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