Anatomy Flashcards
Motor tracts used for standing/extensors
Vestibulospinal
Pontinoreciculospinal
Extra pyramidal tracts
Tectospinal Rubrospinal Reticulospinal Vestibulospinal Olivospinal
Motor tracts used to sit/flexors
Rubrospinal
Medullaryreticulospinal
Features of neonatal skull
Teeth not erupted No mastoid process No styloid process No paranasal sinuses Small viscerocranium
(Danger of facial nerve palsy)
How long will fontanelles remain open
Until second year
Bruise behind ear
Battle sign following basal skull fracture
Which foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through
Foramen spinosum
Why is infection easily spread via venous blood in head
Extensive anastomoses between extra cranial and intracranial venous drainage
CNlll muscles
Extraocular
Levator palpabrae superioris
Sphincter pupilae
Ciliary muscle
Nerve that runs extradural path
CN Vl
Nerve supply to stylopharyngeus
CN lX
Muscle of tongue not supplied by hypoglossal n
Palatoglossus (CNX)
Petechial haemorrhages in mammillary bodies
Wernike’s disease - chronic alcoholism with thiamine deficiency
Junction of coronal and sagittal suture
Bregma
Weak area on skull
Pterion
Four fontanelles plus one possible one
Anterior Posterior Sphenoid Mastoid (Metopic)
Maxillary vein joins superficial temporal v to form
Retromandibular
Retromandibular joins …. And then connects to …
Facial v
Internal jugular
Muscles of facial expression
Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis oris Buccinator Platysma Occipitofrontalis
Branches of facial nerve
Posterior auricular Cervical Marginal mandibular Buccal Zygomatic Temporal
Posterior triangle
Anterior trapezius
Posterior sternocleidomastoid
Middle half clavicle
Contents of post triangle
CNXl Occipital branch of external carotid artery Cervical nerves supplying face Scalene muscles (ant, post, mid) Inferior belly omohyoid
Boundaries of ant triangle
Ant sternocleidomastoid
Midline of neck
Inferior border of mandible
Contents of ant triangle
Suprahyoid muscles Infrahyoid muscles Thyroid gland Mylohyoid Ant belly digastric Recurrent laryngeal n Hypoglossal n etc
Structures that pierce thyrohyoid membrane
Superior laryngeal artery
Internal laryngeal nerve
Hypoglossal joins cervical branches to form
Ansa cervicalis -> infra hyoid strap muscles
Branches of V1
Supra orbital Supratrochlear Lacrimal Infratrochlear Ext nasal
Branches of V2
Zygomatic (temporal, facial)
Infraorbital
Branches of V3
Buccal
Inferior alveolar -> mental
Internal carotid blood supply to face
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
Branches of facial artery
Submental
Inf labial
Superior labial
Angular
Branches of external carotid
Superficial temporal -> transverse facial
Maxillary -> inf alveolar -> mental
-> buccal
Contents of carotid sheath
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
Vein that crosses obliquely over sternocleidomastoid muscle
External carotid vein
Tear film layers
Outer -> thin lipid
Middle -> aqueous
Inner -> mucin
Fx of outer tear film layer
Retard evaporation
Stabilize smooth refractive surface
Fx of middle tear film layer
Defense against infection
-> oxygen, vit A, aa, lubrication, PI, antimicrobials, GFs
Fx of inner tear film
Anchor film to microvilli of surface epithelium
Muscles of mastication
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial and lateral pterigoids
Buccinator
What pierces buccinator
Parotid duct
Signs in Horners syndrome
Flushed
Dry skin
Anisochoria
Ptosis
= decrease sympathetic supply
Bones of the orbit
Frontal, maxillary, zygomatic
Lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine, sphenoid
Actions of accommodation
Convergence
Constriction - pupils
Contraction - ciliary muscles
Nerve supply to ciliary muscle
CN lll
Sympathetic fibres
(Ciliary ganglion)
Cause of protrusion of eye
Carotocavernous fistula
Fx of extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Stabiles and change position larynx
Supra hyoid larynx muscles (extrinsic)
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Infrahyoid muscles of larynx (extrinsic)
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Intrinsic muscles of larynx
Transverse and oblique arytenoid Thyroarytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid Posterior cricoarytenoid Vocalis
Muscles that adduct the vocal cords
Thyroarytenoid
Transverse arytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Muscles that abduct the vocal cords
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Nerve that supplies extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Superior laryngeal
Nerve supplying intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Recurrent laryngeal n
Functions of intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Sphincter (swallowing, raise intrapulmonary pressure)
Respiration
Phonation
Remnant of thyroid decent
Pyramidal lobe
Arterial supply to thyroid
Superior and inferior thyroid aa
Venous drainage of thyroid
Superior and middle vv -> IJV
Inferior vv -> brachiocephalic v
Extrinsic muscle of tongue
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus. CNXll
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus (CNX)
Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Superior and inferior longitudinal m
Transverse m
Vertical m
Papillae of tongue
Lingual tonsil
Circum valate
Fungiform
Filiform
Nerve supply to tongue
Gen sensory - X,lX,V3
Spec sensory - X,IX,Xll
Ligaments of spine
Anterior longitudinal log
Posterior longitudinal - ligamentum flavum, inter spinous lig, supra spinous lig
Nerve supply to parotid
IX
Nerve supply to external ear
Vagus
Greater auricular (C2&3)
Lesser occipital C2
Auriculotemporal V3
Parts of the trigeminal nucleus
- mesencephalic (proprioception)
- pontine (touch)
- spinal (pain and temp)
From midline, areas of cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem
- general somatic efferent
- branchial efferent
- general visceral efferent
- general visceral afferent
- special visceral afferent
- general somatic afferent
- special somatic afferent
Where do ascending columns synapse in the thalamus?
Ventral posterior nucleus
Two main pain pathways
- lateral (thick fibers for rapid tans mission)
- medial (slower signals)
Where do dorsal spinocerebellar tract fibers enter the cerebellum?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle (ipsilateral)
Where do ventral spinocerebellar tract fibers enter the cerebellum?
Superior cerebellar peduncle (contralat)
Origins of parasympathetic outflow
CN 3,7,9,10
Sacral nerves
Origins of sympathetic outflow
T1-L2
Where does reticular formation terminate?
Midbrain
Delirium
Disorientation, restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, agitation, alternating with other conscious states
Develops quickly
Dementia
Progressive decline in spatial orientation, memory, behavior and language
Confusion
Reduced awareness, easily distracted, easily startled, alternates between drowsiness and excitability
Somnolence
Extreme drowsiness, but will respond normally to stimuli
Chronic vegetative state
Conscious but unresponsive
No evidence of cortical function
Stupor
Can be aroused by extreme/repeated stimuli
Spinal shock
Longterm depression of spinal reflexes
Order of reflexes returning after spinal shock
- babinski sign
- contraction of anal sphincter
- genital reflexes
- flexor withdrawal in foot and ankle
- flexor withdrawal in limbs
- reflex of extensor muscles
- extensor spasms
- clonus
- clasp knife reflex
- crossed extension reflex
- hyperactive stretch reflexes
- flexor spasms
Decorticate rigidity
Moderate due to loss of inhibition of gamma motor neurons
Only seen at rest
Flexion of upper extremities
Extension of lower extremities
Decerebrate rigidity
Tonic, static postural reflex mechanisms
Extension in all four limbs
Usually fatal
Consequences of spinal cord hemisection
- loss of movement on ipsilateral side
- loss of pain, temp, and sensation on contra lateral side
What is primary lateral sclerosis?
Degeneration of upper motor neurons only
Features of SDH on CT
- crescent shaped
- hyper dense
- doesn’t cross dural reflections
Regions in diffuse atonal injury
- subcortical white matter
- posterior limb of internal capsule
- corpus callosum
- dorso lateral midbrain
Complications of uncal herniation
- compression of ipsilat posterior cerebral artery and visual field defect
- compression of CN3
- compression of contralat posterior cerebral artery
- compression of crus cerebri (hemiparesis)
- occlusion of aqueduct (hydrocephalus)
Pathogenesis of duret hemorrhage
Stretching of upper branches of basilar artery as midbrain descends
Tearing
Names of cisterns
- cerebellomedullary (cisterns magna)
- pontine
- interpeduncular
- superior (dorsal to midbrain)
structure of the fornix
- fimbria
- crus
- body
- anterior commissure
Layers of the scalp, skull and meninges
- skin
- connective tissue
- aponeurosis of fronto-occipitalis
- loose connective/areolar tissue
- periosteum
- outer cortical bone
- spongy bone
- inner cortical bone
- endo steal layer of dura mater
- meningeal layer of dura mater
- arachnoid
- pia mater
