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Semester 5 November > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Motor tracts used for standing/extensors

A

Vestibulospinal

Pontinoreciculospinal

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1
Q

Extra pyramidal tracts

A 
Tectospinal
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
Olivospinal
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2
Q

Motor tracts used to sit/flexors

A

Rubrospinal

Medullaryreticulospinal

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3
Q

Features of neonatal skull

A 
Teeth not erupted
No mastoid process
No styloid process
No paranasal sinuses
Small viscerocranium

(Danger of facial nerve palsy)

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4
Q

How long will fontanelles remain open

A

Until second year

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5
Q

Bruise behind ear

A

Battle sign following basal skull fracture

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6
Q

Which foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through

A

Foramen spinosum

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7
Q

Why is infection easily spread via venous blood in head

A

Extensive anastomoses between extra cranial and intracranial venous drainage

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8
Q

CNlll muscles

A

Extraocular
Levator palpabrae superioris

Sphincter pupilae
Ciliary muscle

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9
Q

Nerve that runs extradural path

A

CN Vl

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10
Q

Nerve supply to stylopharyngeus

A

CN lX

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11
Q

Muscle of tongue not supplied by hypoglossal n

A

Palatoglossus (CNX)

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12
Q

Petechial haemorrhages in mammillary bodies

A

Wernike’s disease - chronic alcoholism with thiamine deficiency

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13
Q

Junction of coronal and sagittal suture

A

Bregma

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14
Q

Weak area on skull

A

Pterion

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15
Q

Four fontanelles plus one possible one

A 
Anterior
Posterior
Sphenoid
Mastoid
(Metopic)
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16
Q

Maxillary vein joins superficial temporal v to form

A

Retromandibular

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17
Q

Retromandibular joins …. And then connects to …

A

Facial v

Internal jugular

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18
Q

Muscles of facial expression

A 
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Platysma
Occipitofrontalis
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19
Q

Branches of facial nerve

A 
Posterior auricular
Cervical
Marginal mandibular
Buccal
Zygomatic
Temporal
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20
Q

Posterior triangle

A

Anterior trapezius
Posterior sternocleidomastoid
Middle half clavicle

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21
Q

Contents of post triangle

A 
CNXl
Occipital branch of external carotid artery
Cervical nerves supplying face
Scalene muscles (ant, post, mid)
Inferior belly omohyoid
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22
Q

Boundaries of ant triangle

A

Ant sternocleidomastoid
Midline of neck
Inferior border of mandible

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23
Q

Contents of ant triangle

A 
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles 
Thyroid gland
Mylohyoid 
Ant belly digastric 
Recurrent laryngeal n
Hypoglossal n etc
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24
Structures that pierce thyrohyoid membrane
Superior laryngeal artery | Internal laryngeal nerve
25
Hypoglossal joins cervical branches to form
Ansa cervicalis -> infra hyoid strap muscles
26
Branches of V1
``` Supra orbital Supratrochlear Lacrimal Infratrochlear Ext nasal ```
27
Branches of V2
Zygomatic (temporal, facial) | Infraorbital
28
Branches of V3
Buccal | Inferior alveolar -> mental
29
Internal carotid blood supply to face
Supraorbital | Supratrochlear
30
Branches of facial artery
Submental Inf labial Superior labial Angular
31
Branches of external carotid
Superficial temporal -> transverse facial Maxillary -> inf alveolar -> mental -> buccal
32
Contents of carotid sheath
Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve
33
Vein that crosses obliquely over sternocleidomastoid muscle
External carotid vein
34
Tear film layers
Outer -> thin lipid Middle -> aqueous Inner -> mucin
35
Fx of outer tear film layer
Retard evaporation | Stabilize smooth refractive surface
36
Fx of middle tear film layer
Defense against infection | -> oxygen, vit A, aa, lubrication, PI, antimicrobials, GFs
37
Fx of inner tear film
Anchor film to microvilli of surface epithelium
38
Muscles of mastication
Masseter Temporalis Medial and lateral pterigoids Buccinator
39
What pierces buccinator
Parotid duct
40
Signs in Horners syndrome
Flushed Dry skin Anisochoria Ptosis = decrease sympathetic supply
41
Bones of the orbit
Frontal, maxillary, zygomatic | Lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine, sphenoid
42
Actions of accommodation
Convergence Constriction - pupils Contraction - ciliary muscles
43
Nerve supply to ciliary muscle
CN lll Sympathetic fibres (Ciliary ganglion)
44
Cause of protrusion of eye
Carotocavernous fistula
45
Fx of extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Stabiles and change position larynx
46
Supra hyoid larynx muscles (extrinsic)
Digastric Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Geniohyoid
47
Infrahyoid muscles of larynx (extrinsic)
Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid
48
Intrinsic muscles of larynx
``` Transverse and oblique arytenoid Thyroarytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid Posterior cricoarytenoid Vocalis ```
49
Muscles that adduct the vocal cords
Thyroarytenoid Transverse arytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid
50
Muscles that abduct the vocal cords
Posterior cricoarytenoid
51
Nerve that supplies extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Superior laryngeal
52
Nerve supplying intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Recurrent laryngeal n
53
Functions of intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Sphincter (swallowing, raise intrapulmonary pressure) Respiration Phonation
54
Remnant of thyroid decent
Pyramidal lobe
55
Arterial supply to thyroid
Superior and inferior thyroid aa
56
Venous drainage of thyroid
Superior and middle vv -> IJV | Inferior vv -> brachiocephalic v
57
Extrinsic muscle of tongue
Genioglossus Hyoglossus. CNXll Styloglossus Palatoglossus (CNX)
58
Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Superior and inferior longitudinal m Transverse m Vertical m
59
Papillae of tongue
Lingual tonsil Circum valate Fungiform Filiform
60
Nerve supply to tongue
Gen sensory - X,lX,V3 | Spec sensory - X,IX,Xll
61
Ligaments of spine
Anterior longitudinal log | Posterior longitudinal - ligamentum flavum, inter spinous lig, supra spinous lig
62
Nerve supply to parotid
IX
63
Nerve supply to external ear
Vagus Greater auricular (C2&3) Lesser occipital C2 Auriculotemporal V3
64
Parts of the trigeminal nucleus
- mesencephalic (proprioception) - pontine (touch) - spinal (pain and temp)
65
From midline, areas of cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem
- general somatic efferent - branchial efferent - general visceral efferent - general visceral afferent - special visceral afferent - general somatic afferent - special somatic afferent
66
Where do ascending columns synapse in the thalamus?
Ventral posterior nucleus
67
Two main pain pathways
- lateral (thick fibers for rapid tans mission) | - medial (slower signals)
68
Where do dorsal spinocerebellar tract fibers enter the cerebellum?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle (ipsilateral)
69
Where do ventral spinocerebellar tract fibers enter the cerebellum?
Superior cerebellar peduncle (contralat)
70
Origins of parasympathetic outflow
CN 3,7,9,10 | Sacral nerves
71
Origins of sympathetic outflow
T1-L2
72
Where does reticular formation terminate?
Midbrain
73
Delirium
Disorientation, restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, agitation, alternating with other conscious states Develops quickly
74
Dementia
Progressive decline in spatial orientation, memory, behavior and language
75
Confusion
Reduced awareness, easily distracted, easily startled, alternates between drowsiness and excitability
76
Somnolence
Extreme drowsiness, but will respond normally to stimuli
77
Chronic vegetative state
Conscious but unresponsive | No evidence of cortical function
78
Stupor
Can be aroused by extreme/repeated stimuli
79
Spinal shock
Longterm depression of spinal reflexes
80
Order of reflexes returning after spinal shock
- babinski sign - contraction of anal sphincter - genital reflexes - flexor withdrawal in foot and ankle - flexor withdrawal in limbs - reflex of extensor muscles - extensor spasms - clonus - clasp knife reflex - crossed extension reflex - hyperactive stretch reflexes - flexor spasms
81
Decorticate rigidity
Moderate due to loss of inhibition of gamma motor neurons Only seen at rest Flexion of upper extremities Extension of lower extremities
82
Decerebrate rigidity
Tonic, static postural reflex mechanisms Extension in all four limbs Usually fatal
83
Consequences of spinal cord hemisection
- loss of movement on ipsilateral side | - loss of pain, temp, and sensation on contra lateral side
84
What is primary lateral sclerosis?
Degeneration of upper motor neurons only
85
Features of SDH on CT
- crescent shaped - hyper dense - doesn't cross dural reflections
86
Regions in diffuse atonal injury
- subcortical white matter - posterior limb of internal capsule - corpus callosum - dorso lateral midbrain
87
Complications of uncal herniation
- compression of ipsilat posterior cerebral artery and visual field defect - compression of CN3 - compression of contralat posterior cerebral artery - compression of crus cerebri (hemiparesis) - occlusion of aqueduct (hydrocephalus)
88
Pathogenesis of duret hemorrhage
Stretching of upper branches of basilar artery as midbrain descends Tearing
89
Names of cisterns
- cerebellomedullary (cisterns magna) - pontine - interpeduncular - superior (dorsal to midbrain)
90
structure of the fornix
- fimbria - crus - body - anterior commissure
91
Layers of the scalp, skull and meninges
- skin - connective tissue - aponeurosis of fronto-occipitalis - loose connective/areolar tissue - periosteum - outer cortical bone - spongy bone - inner cortical bone - endo steal layer of dura mater - meningeal layer of dura mater - arachnoid - pia mater

Semester 5 November (14 decks)

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