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Semester 5 November > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

0
Q

4 components of crista ampullaris

A

Crista
Hair cells
Capula
Ampulla

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1
Q

Function of crista ampullaris

A

Detect rotation of head

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2
Q

Location of crista ampullaris

A

Semicircular canals

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3
Q

Adaption of basal laminate for tonotopic mapping

A

Base - thicker and closer for high frequency

Apex - thinner and further for low frequency

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4
Q

Function of macula

A

Detection of linear movement and gravity

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5
Q

Components of macula

A 
Otoliths
Otolithic membrane 
Hair cells
Supporting cells
Nerve endings
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6
Q

Types of nerve endings

A 
Hair follicle ending
Ruffini ending
Krause corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Meissners corpuscle
Free nerve endings
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7
Q

Fx ruffini ending

A

Pressure on skin

Dermis of hairy and glabrous skin

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8
Q

Fx pacinian corpuscle

A

Responds to vibration

Deep dermis

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9
Q

Fx meissners corpuscle

A

Responds to vibration

Found in glabrous skin

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10
Q

Fx free nerve endings

A

Pain, temp

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11
Q

Two parts of tympanic membrane

A

Pars tensa

Pars flaccida

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12
Q

Define process of Wallerian degeneration

A 
Chromatolysis
Swelling of cell body
Degeneration of disconnected axon
Degeneration of myelin sheath
Macs and Schwann mop up
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13
Q

Outline role of Schwann cells in regeneration in PNS

A 
Remove debris
Provide growth promoting substrate
Guide regenerating axon
Promote neuron survival = neurotrophic factors
Re-myelinate
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14
Q

Briefly explain how B amyloid fragment implicated in Alzheimer’s

A

Direct toxicity to neurons causes:
Neuronal damage
Disruptions of synaptic contacts

Promotes glial reactivity and inflammatory respose which damages and kills neurons.

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15
Q

Three true barriers on BBB

A

Cerebral capillaries
Choroid plexus
Arachnoid mater

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16
Q

Why blind spot not perceived in field of vision

A

Visual centers extrapolate info from adjacent areas of visual field and ‘fill’ the space.

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17
Q

Two main functions of neuronal cytoskeleton

A

Cellular structure

Axonal transport

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18
Q

How do cells in CNS contribute to regeneration failure

A

Astrocytes - become reactive, form glial scar and express axon-growth inhibiting proteoglycans.
Oligodendrocytes - up regulate release of axon-growth inhibiting proteins.
Microglia - remove debris but can release cytotoxic agents.

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19
Q

Principle function of each support cell type in CNS

A

Astro - metabolic/structural support, BBB, regulate ECM
Oligodendrcytes - myelination, membrane protein channels
Microglia - immune defense
Ependyma - movement of CSF (?neurogenesis)

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20
Q

Types of sensory axons and nature of stimuli

A

Aa - proprioception
Abeta - mechanoception
Adelta - pain, temp
C - pain, temp, itch

21
Q

Fast axonal transport uses what protein

22
Q

Fx of pericyte in CNS

A

Structural stability
Phagocytosis
Vasodynamic capacity

23
Q

Transport mechanisms across cerebral caps

A 
Carries systems (highly specific) eg D glucose, amino acids
Receptor mediated endocytosis eg insulin
Diffusion
24
Structural differences between BMEC and normal endothelial cells
Absence of fenestrations | More extensive tight junctions
25
Functional differences between BMEC and normal endothelial cells
- impermeable to most substances - space pinocytotic vesicular transport - increased expression of transport and carrier proteins - no gap junctions - limited para cellular and trans cellular transport
26
What is the role of astrocyte foot process in the BBB?
- provide biochemical support - influence organisation of vessel wall - involved in postnatal maturation of BBB - co-regulate function be secretion of soluble cytokines
27
Regions not enclosed by BBB
- area postrema - median eminence - neurohypophysis - pineal gland - subfornical organ - lamina terminalis
28
Type of molecules that can cross the BBB
``` Hydrophobic (CO2, O2, N2) Small polar (water, urea) ```
29
Type of molecules that can't cross the BBB
Large polar molecules (glucose, sucrose) | Ions
30
Things that are carried across the BBB
- D glucose - large neutral amino acids (NT precursors) - glycine
31
How can pathogens be transferred across the BBB?
- physical damage to BBB - ligand receptor interactions followed by host cell actin cytoskeleton rearrangements - trans cellular transport
32
Types of neuronal death after injury
- necrotic cell death (first wave) | - apoptotic (second wave)
33
Requirements for functional axon regeneration
- injured nerve must be able to survive after lesion and re-express genes required for outgrowth - surrounding tissue must be conducive to axon re growth - re-growing axons must be able to find their proper targets and establish contact
34
Growth cone
Tip of a growing axon
35
Sequence of events after a nerve injury
Wallerian degen Schwann cells form a substrate for axon growth Functional connection is restored
36
How can regeneration go wrong?
- gap in nerve too wide to bridge - axons grow down wrong endoneurial tubes - loss of target contact may cause death of motoneurones
37
How do Schwann cells support axon regeneration?
- phagocytose and recycle cellular debris - provide a growth-promoting substrate for axons - support neurones survival and axon re-growth through production of neurotrophic factors
38
Why do axons not regenerate in the CNS?
Micro environment - oligos express proteins that actively inhibit atonal growth (contact inhibition) - Astros form a scar-like tissue at site of injury (mechanical barrier) - micro glia may kill injured CNS neurones
39
Other factors contributing to failure of CNS axon regeneration
- poor survival of injured neurons - failure to up-reg genes necessary for axon growth - lack of neurotrophic factors - lack of axon growth promoting substances - no re-expression of guidance cues
40
Role of thalamic processing in the visual pathway
- relay info on movement - segregate the retinal axons in preparation for depth perception - emphasize visual inputs from regions of high cone density - sharpen the contrast info received by the retina
41
Sound pathway
``` Oval window Scala vestibuli Basilar membrane Organ of corti Helicotrema Scala tympani Round window ```
42
How does the amyloid beta protein fragment contribute to nerve degen in Alzheimer's?
- direct toxicity to neurons causes neuronal damage and disruption of synaptic contacts - promotes glial reactivity and inflammatory response which further damages and kills neurons
43
Why is blind spot not perceived in vision
Visual centres use binocular vision to fill the space of the receptor free area
44
Structural specialisations of cerebral capillaries
- endothelium with tight junctions - lack of fenestrations - few pinocytotic vesicles - thick basement membrane Blocks non-selective exchange of substances
45
3 receptive structures in the inner ear
- organ of corti (detection of sound waves) - macula (static equilibrium) - cristae ampullaris (dynamic equilibrium)
46
Role of Schwann cell in regeneration of nerves
- remove debris - provide growth promoting substances - guidance for regenerating axon - promote neuron survival by secreting neurotrophic factors - re myelinated
47
3 BBBs
- cerebral capillaries - choroid plexus - arachnoid mater
48
Histological features of Graafian follicle just prior to ovulation
- large astral follicle lined by multiple rows of cuboidal shaped granulosa cells - surrounded by theca interna containing typical steroid secreting cells - outer fibrous theca externa - oocyte surrounded by single row of cells (corona radiate) - attached to wall of follicle by cumulus oophorus
49
Functional relationship leading to oestradiol production by Graafian follicle
- theca interna cells take up chol to produce androstenedione - secreted and taken up by granulosa cells - aromatase cleaves androstenedione to form oestradiol
50
Main functions of the neuronal cytoskeleton
- mainataining cellular structure | - axonal transport

Semester 5 November (14 decks)

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