Physiology

Question 1

Does hypoxia cause constriction or dilation of pulmonary arteries ?

Answer 1

vasoconstriction

Question 2

what is a condition associated with increased lung compliance?

Answer 2

emphysema

Question 3

which kind of molecule is surfactant?

Answer 3

phospholipid (amphiphilic)

Question 4

what are the peripheral chemoreceptors for? where are they?

Answer 4

oxygen
carbon dioxide
H+

bifurcation of common carotid arteries

Question 5

does emphysema increase or decrease lung compliance?

Answer 5

increase

Question 6

is intrapleural pressure more negative in inspiration or expiration?

Answer 6

inspiration

Question 7

when is the hypoxic drive stimulated?

Answer 7

when arterial pO2 falls below 8 kPa

Question 8

what are acute responses and chronic adaptations to hypoxia?

Answer 8

acute: hyperventilation, increased cardiac output

chronic: increased: RBC production, 2,3 BPG produced within RBC, capillary number, mitochondria, kidneys conserve acid (decreased arterial pH)

Question 9

what do carotid sheaths contain?

Answer 9

the vagus nerve
the internal carotid artery
the common carotid artery
the internal jugular vein

Question 10

intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of which spinal nerves?

Answer 10

T1 to T11

Question 11

Which part of the respiratory airway in a normal lung has the greatest airway resistance?

Answer 11

medium-sized bronchi

Question 12

the embryonic development of the lungs begins on which day of human development?

Answer 12

day 22 (under normal conditions)

Question 13

what is normal PaO2 range?

Answer 13

11 to 13 kPa

Question 14

what is normal pCO2 range?

Answer 14

4.6 to 6.4 kPa

Question 15

how should hypercarbia be treated?

Answer 15

non-invasive ventilation

Question 16

what supplies the posterior part of intercostal spaces with blood?

Answer 16

thoracic aorta

Question 17

what happens to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in inspiration?

Answer 17

they contract

diaphragm descends
intercostal muscles elevate ribs

Question 18

what happens to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in inspiration?

Answer 18

they contract

diaphragm descends
intercostal muscles elevate ribs

Question 19

which lymph nodes do quadrants of the breast drain to?

Answer 19

medial -> parasternal nodes (bilateral)
lateral -> axillary nodes (unilateral)

Question 20

where can the lung base be auscultated ?

Answer 20

(scapular line) at vertebral T11 level

Question 21

where can the middle lobe be auscultated?

Answer 21

between ribs 4 & 6 in midclavicular and mid-axillary lines

Question 22

what is most CO2 transported as?

Answer 22

bicarbonate

Question 23

what does foetal haemoglobin (HbF) do to the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 23

shifts to the left

Question 24

what does foetal haemoglobin (HbF) do to the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 24

shifts to the left