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Gastrointestinal System > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

unitary smooth muscle characteristics

A
  • spontaneous contraction
  • activated by stretch or distention
  • found in stomach and intestine
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2
Q

multi-unit smooth muscle features

A
  • requires direct neural or hormonal stimulation
  • lacks spontaneous contraction
  • found in esophagus and gallbladder
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3
Q

spike potentials

A
  • generate contractile events

- increase in Ca leads to increased spike potentials and vice versa

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4
Q

submucosal (Meissner’s plexus)

A
  • between circular muscle and submucosal layers
  • functions largely in secretion
  • only excitatory
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5
Q

myenteric (Auerbach’s plexus)

A
  • between muscle layers
  • regulates contraction
  • excitatory and inhibitory
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6
Q

inhibitory NTs

A
  • VIP and NO
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7
Q

excitatory NTs

A
  • ACh and substance P
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8
Q

hormonal vasodilators

A
  • CCK, VIP, gastrin, secretin, kinins, decreased oxygen levels leading to increased adenosine
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9
Q

action of gastrin

A
  • increases gastric H secretion
  • increases growth of gastric mucosa
  • increases gastric motility
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10
Q

regulation of gastrin

A
  • increased by stomach distention, akalinization, amino acids, peptides, vagal stimulation
  • decreased by stomach pH <1.5
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11
Q

CCK action

A
  • increases pancreatic secretion
  • increases gallbladder contraction
  • decreases gastric emptying
  • increases sphincter of Oddi relaxation
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12
Q

CCK regulation

A
  • increased by fatty acids and amino acids
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13
Q

action of secretin

A
  • increases pancreatic HCO3
  • decreased gastric acid secretion
  • increases bile secretion
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14
Q

regulation of secretin

A
  • increased by acid, fatty acids in lumen of duodenum
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15
Q

action of somatostatin

A
  • decreases gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion
  • decreased pancreatic and small intestinal fluid secretion
  • decreases gallbladder contraction
  • decreases insulin and glucagon secretion
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16
Q

regulation of somatostatin

A
  • increased by acid

- decreased by vagal stimulation

17
Q

VIP action

A
  • increases intestinal water and electrolyte secretion

- increases relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

18
Q

VIP regulation

A
  • increased by distention and vagal stimulation

- decreased by adrenergic input

19
Q

NO action

A
  • increases smooth muscle relaxation, including LES
20
Q

motilin action

A
  • produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs)
21
Q

motiln regulation

A
  • increased in fasting state
22
Q

three stages of swallowing

A
  • voluntary
  • pharyngeal
  • esophageal
23
Q

voluntary swallowing

A
  • tongue pushes food towards back of the mouth
24
Q

pharyngeal swallowing

A
  • efferents sent through CNs (ACh)
  • soft palate moves over nasopharynx
  • trachea closes off
  • UES relaxes
25
Q

esophageal swallowing

A
  • primary peristalsis is simply the continuation of the peristaltic wave that begins in the pharynx and spreads into the esophagus during the pharyngeal stage of swallowing
  • secondary peristaltic waves result from distention of the esophagus itself by the retained food
26
Q

delayed emptying: vagal neuropathy or DM

A
  • gastroparesis

- delayed emptying of solids

27
Q

MMC

A
  • migrating myoelectric complexes
  • electrical oscillations fire spike potentials leading to contractions
  • motilin released at onset of MMC
  • MMCs are terminated by ingesting food, CCK and gastrin
28
Q

peristaltic rush

A
  • longer waves of contraction brought on by irritation, excessive distention, extrinsic and intrinsic neural control
29
Q

power propulsion (mass movements)

A
  • programmed motor event of the ENS
  • last 18-20 seconds
  • cramping maybe associated
  • occur about 15 minutes after a meal
  • provoke the urge to defacate
30
Q

hyperthryoidism

A
  • increases GI motility and may result in diarrhea
31
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • decreases GI motility and may result in constipation
32
Q

function of mucins

A
  • lubricate and protect

- creates a bolus

33
Q

activators of HCl secretion

A
  • histamine
  • gastrin
  • ACh
34
Q

inhibitors of HCl secretion

A
  • somatostatin

- prostaglandins

35
Q

achlorhydria

A
  • dysfunction of parietal cells caused by antibodies or use of PPIs
  • results in increased susceptibility to infection, malabsorption and diarrhea
36
Q

inhibitors of gastric acid secretion

A
  • distention of small bowel
  • acid in duodenum
  • protein digestion products
  • irritation
37
Q

activators of chief cells

A
  • neural: ACh, VIP

- hormonal: gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP

Gastrointestinal System (12 decks)

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