Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Plummer Vinson syndrome
A
- upper esophageal web associated with iron deficiency, anemia, glossitis, and cheilosis
2
Q
risks associated with PVS
A
- squamous cell esophageal carcinoma
3
Q
achalasia
A
- failure to relax
- aperistalsis
- incomplete relaxation of LES with swallowing
- resting tone of LES - bird beak
- non-progressive dysphagia
- nocturnal aspiration
4
Q
primary cause of achalasia
A
- dysfunction of inhibitory neurons in the distal esophagus
- NO and VIP to relax LES
5
Q
secondary causes of achalasia
A
- Chagas
- caused by trypanosoma cruzi
- destruction of myenteric plexus
6
Q
Mallory- Weiss syndrome
A
- associated with sliding hiatal hernia
- longitudinal tears near the esophagogastric junction
- severe retching and vomiting ( hemotemesis- vomiting blood)
- commonly seen in alcoholics
- rare rupture “Boerhaave”
7
Q
esophagitis
A
- inflammation of the mucosa
- GERD number 1 cause
- usually over 40 y.o.
- dysphagia, heartburn, hematemesis, melena
8
Q
Barrett esophagus
A
- complication of long standing GERD
- most important risk factor for adenocarcinoma
- distal squamous mucosa replaced by metaplastic columnar epithelium as response to chronic injury
9
Q
tylosis
A
- thickening of the palms and soles, white patches in the mouth, and risk of esophageal cancer
- only genetic syndrome to predispose to squamous cell carcinoma
10
Q
adenocarcinoma
A
- common in white men over 40
- dysphagia
- bleeding
- weight loss
- GERD
- sliding hiatal hernia
- poor prognosis
11
Q
pyloric stenosis associations and symptoms
A
- associated with turner syndrome, trisomy 18, and esophageal atresia
- narrowing of pyloris
- projectile vomit
- oval (olive) palpable mass
12
Q
Bochdalek hernia
A
- opening on the left side of the diaphragm
- stomach and intestines usually move up into the chest cavity
13
Q
Morgangni hernia
A
- opening on the right side of the diaphragm
- liver and intestines usually move into the chest cavity
14
Q
pathogenesis of chronic gastritis
A
- chronic infection (H. pylori)
- autoimmune (pernicious anemia)
- alcohol, smoking
- post surgery
- radiation
15
Q
H. pylori infections
A
- also plays a role in gastric malt lymphoma ( mucosa associated lymphoiod tissue)
- flagellated (swim through mucous)
- urease positive
- antral type: high H production, risk of peptic ulcer
- pangastritis: multifocal gastric atrophy, lower H production, risk of adenocarcinoma
16
Q
IL-1B
A
- inflammatory cytokine
- inhibits gastric acid
- increased in pangrastritis
- decreased in antral type
17
Q
autoimmune gastritis
A
- antibodies against H/K ATPase, gastrin and IF (AB against parietal cells)
- pernicious anemia is the most common
- high risk of gastric carcinomas and endocrine tumors
- hyperplasia of G cells due to decreased H production and gastremia
18
Q
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
A
- tumor that hyper secretes gastrin leading to ulcers in duodenum and jejunum
- hypersecretion of gastrin increases aciditiy which results in acidic chyme reaching the jejunum
19
Q
iron absorption
A
- duodenum
20
Q
folic acid absorption
A
- jejunum
21
Q
iron and folate deficiency
A
- ZES
22
Q
Menetrier disease
A
- extensive hyperplasia of gastric mucosa with glandular atrophy
- hypertrophy of entire stomach
- epigastric pain
- diarrhea
- weight loss
- excessive mucous
- hypo or achlorhydria
- hypoalbuminemia and edema
