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Physiological Psychology > Physiological Psychology: Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology: Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stage 1 of Sleep

A
  • Lightest sleep
  • Easily awakened
  • Lasts 10 minutes
  • Occurs just once a night
  • Amplitude increases
  • Frequency decreases
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2
Q

Stage 2 of Sleep

A
  • Light sleep, but deeper than stage 1
  • Lasts 20 minutes
  • Amplitude increases
  • Frequency decreases
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3
Q

Stage 3 of Sleep

A
  • Slow wave
  • Deeper sleep than stage 2
  • Start of large amplitude waves (delta waves)
  • Less responsive to stimuli; hard to awaken
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4
Q

Stage 4 of Sleep

A
  • Deepest sleep
  • Delta waves
  • Not paralyzed, just less mobile (sleepwalking and bed-wetting can occur)
  • Decreased brain activity, but more synchronized
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5
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A
  • Not a precise measurement of what is happening in a particular neuron
  • Happens outside of the cell; electrodes are placed on the scalp
  • Measures electrical potentials and averages of all neuronal activity
  • Picks up average electrical signal that’s happening
  • Finds specific patterns of firing in different stages of sleep
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6
Q

Amplitude

A

Largeness

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7
Q

Frequency

A

Rate

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8
Q

EEG of Awake and Alert Individual

A

• Beta waves (low amplitude, high frequency)

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9
Q

EEG of Drowsy Individual

A

• Alpha waves (low amplitude, lower frequency than beta; it is slowing down)

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10
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

A
  • a.k.a. Paradoxical sleep
  • EEG looks similar to when a person is awake (low amplitude, high frequency)
  • Rapid eye movement
  • Postural muscle paralysis
  • Irregular heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rates
  • Dreams with visual images and plots occur; very movie-like
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11
Q

Early Evening Sleep

A

• More of stages 3-4 and less REM

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12
Q

Late Evening Sleep

A

• More of REM and less of stages 3-4

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13
Q

REM Cycles

A
  • Takes about 60-90 minutes from stages 1-4
  • Cycle back from stage 4, to stage 3, to stage 2
  • Instead cycling back to stage 1, one will go into REM sleep
  • Cycle repeats all night
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14
Q

REM Behavior Disorder

A
  • Very active during REM; not paralyzed
  • Move around vigorously during REM and act out their dreams
  • Dream about defending themselves against attack
  • Can injure themselves and others
  • Occurs mostly in older people
  • Move around vigorously during REM, acting out dream. Dreams are often irrational, so actions would be irrational as well
  • Multiple areas of damage in pons and midbrain
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15
Q

PGO Waves

A
  • PGO: Pons, Geniculate, Occipital

* High-amplitude electrical potentials that occur in PGO order

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16
Q

Pons During Sleep

A
  • Pons is activated first and turns on REM
  • Pyramidal tract is involved and sends motor information
  • Pons sends inhibitory messages down to the spinal cord and causes immobility
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17
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A
  • Located in the thalamus

* The visual part of the thalamus

18
Q

Occipital Lobe (V2)

A

• Visual component of dreams

19
Q

Delta Waves

A
  • Large amplitude waves

* Loopy, big and slow

20
Q

Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Histamine and Orexin

A
  • Increased wakefulness
  • Decreased slow wave sleep
  • Decreased REM
21
Q

Histamine

A
  • Antihistamines block receptors

* Nondrowsy antihistamines don’t cross blood-brain barrier

22
Q

Orexin

A
  • Produced by neurons in the hypothalamus

* Turns on eating

23
Q

Acetylcholine and Sleep

A
  • Increased wakefulness
  • Decreased slow wave sleep
  • Increased REM
24
Q

GABA and Sleep

A
  • Decreased wakefulness
  • Increased slow wave sleep
  • Increased REM
25
Q

Adenosine

A
  • Produced by metabolic activity in cells; the more active the cells are, the more adenosine is made
  • Builds up during the day
  • High levels of it turn on sleep and is decreased by acetylcholine
  • During sleep, levels decrease because there is less cell activity during sleep
  • Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors and sleep does not get turned on
26
Q

Melatonin

A
  • Hormone; endocrine system
  • Pineal gland, between thalamus and midbrain
  • Natural rhythm; melatonin released 2-3 hours prior to normal bedtime
  • Turns on sleep
  • Helps adjust to new time zones
27
Q

Effects of Melatonin

A 
• Longterm use in lab animals known to cause:
  - Impaired learning
  - Impaired fertility
  - Impaired fetal development
• Unknown longterm effects in humans
28
Q

Sleeping Pills

A
  • Turn off wakefulness
  • Norepinephrine antagonist
  • Not getting the right sleep in the amounts you need after becoming dependent
29
Q

Newer Generation Sleeping Pills

A
  • Turns on sleep
  • GABA agonist
  • Bizarre side effects occur during sleep and while awake; may not be able to control impulses, could develop gambling problems
  • Ambien, Lunesta
30
Q

Rozarem

A
  • Melatonin agonist
  • Prescribed
  • Good if the person has a hard time initially getting to sleep
31
Q

Night Terrors

A
  • Not to be confused with nightmares.
  • Occurs during NREM sleep, common in children. Not associated with dreams. Child wakes up screaming.
  • Nightmares occur during REM, the child can usually describe it.
  • Children often grow out of it.
32
Q

Fatal Familial Insomnia

A
  • Rare genetic disorder
  • Onset usually in middle age
  • Death follows within 2-3 years
  • Damage to thalamus
33
Q

Fatal Familial Insomnia Symptoms

A
  • Starts with bouts of insomnia and cognitive disturbances
  • Confusion, slowed cognitive processes, memory deficits much more pronounced with this group of people
  • Hallucinations
  • Extreme weight loss
  • Complete lack of sleep
  • Dementia and then death
34
Q

Stages of Metabolism

A
  • Absorptive Phase (when we are eating)

* Fasting Phase (when we are not eating)

35
Q

Absorptive Phase

A
  • Occurs during and just after eating

* Carbs are broken down into glucose

36
Q

Glucose

A

• Primary source of fuel in the brain and spinal cord

37
Q

Storing Carbs in the Absorptive Phase

A
  • Insulin released by pancreas.
  • Glucose enters cells and is used as fuel.
  • Some excess converted to glycogen by liver. Remaining excess converted to triglycerides and stored as fat.
  • Proteins broken down to amino acids and used for protein synthesis. Excess converted to triglycerides and stored as fat.
  • Fats remain as fat. It is not used as fuel in absorptive phase. Immediately converted to triglycerides and stored.
38
Q

Fasting Phase

A
  • Nutrients are not immediately available from digestive system
  • Fuel comes from short term and long term reserves
39
Q

Short Term Reserve

A
  • Glycogen in liver converted back to glucose
  • 300 calories of glucose stored in liver
  • Supplies Central Nervous System
40
Q

Long Term Reserve

A
  • Adipose tissue
  • Triglycerides broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
  • Glycerol converted by liver into glucose for central nervous system
41
Q

Triglycerides

A

• Fatty acids used by body cells.

Physiological Psychology (9 decks)

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