Physiological Psychology: Chapter 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Stage 1 of Sleep
A
- Lightest sleep
- Easily awakened
- Lasts 10 minutes
- Occurs just once a night
- Amplitude increases
- Frequency decreases
2
Q
Stage 2 of Sleep
A
- Light sleep, but deeper than stage 1
- Lasts 20 minutes
- Amplitude increases
- Frequency decreases
3
Q
Stage 3 of Sleep
A
- Slow wave
- Deeper sleep than stage 2
- Start of large amplitude waves (delta waves)
- Less responsive to stimuli; hard to awaken
4
Q
Stage 4 of Sleep
A
- Deepest sleep
- Delta waves
- Not paralyzed, just less mobile (sleepwalking and bed-wetting can occur)
- Decreased brain activity, but more synchronized
5
Q
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
A
- Not a precise measurement of what is happening in a particular neuron
- Happens outside of the cell; electrodes are placed on the scalp
- Measures electrical potentials and averages of all neuronal activity
- Picks up average electrical signal that’s happening
- Finds specific patterns of firing in different stages of sleep
6
Q
Amplitude
A
Largeness
7
Q
Frequency
A
Rate
8
Q
EEG of Awake and Alert Individual
A
• Beta waves (low amplitude, high frequency)
9
Q
EEG of Drowsy Individual
A
• Alpha waves (low amplitude, lower frequency than beta; it is slowing down)
10
Q
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
A
- a.k.a. Paradoxical sleep
- EEG looks similar to when a person is awake (low amplitude, high frequency)
- Rapid eye movement
- Postural muscle paralysis
- Irregular heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rates
- Dreams with visual images and plots occur; very movie-like
11
Q
Early Evening Sleep
A
• More of stages 3-4 and less REM
12
Q
Late Evening Sleep
A
• More of REM and less of stages 3-4
13
Q
REM Cycles
A
- Takes about 60-90 minutes from stages 1-4
- Cycle back from stage 4, to stage 3, to stage 2
- Instead cycling back to stage 1, one will go into REM sleep
- Cycle repeats all night
14
Q
REM Behavior Disorder
A
- Very active during REM; not paralyzed
- Move around vigorously during REM and act out their dreams
- Dream about defending themselves against attack
- Can injure themselves and others
- Occurs mostly in older people
- Move around vigorously during REM, acting out dream. Dreams are often irrational, so actions would be irrational as well
- Multiple areas of damage in pons and midbrain
15
Q
PGO Waves
A
- PGO: Pons, Geniculate, Occipital
* High-amplitude electrical potentials that occur in PGO order
16
Q
Pons During Sleep
A
- Pons is activated first and turns on REM
- Pyramidal tract is involved and sends motor information
- Pons sends inhibitory messages down to the spinal cord and causes immobility
17
Q
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
A
- Located in the thalamus
* The visual part of the thalamus
18
Q
Occipital Lobe (V2)
A
• Visual component of dreams
19
Q
Delta Waves
A
- Large amplitude waves
* Loopy, big and slow
20
Q
Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Histamine and Orexin
A
- Increased wakefulness
- Decreased slow wave sleep
- Decreased REM
21
Q
Histamine
A
- Antihistamines block receptors
* Nondrowsy antihistamines don’t cross blood-brain barrier
22
Q
Orexin
A
- Produced by neurons in the hypothalamus
* Turns on eating
23
Q
Acetylcholine and Sleep
A
- Increased wakefulness
- Decreased slow wave sleep
- Increased REM
24
Q
GABA and Sleep
A
- Decreased wakefulness
- Increased slow wave sleep
- Increased REM
25
Adenosine
* Produced by metabolic activity in cells; the more active the cells are, the more adenosine is made
* Builds up during the day
* High levels of it turn on sleep and is decreased by acetylcholine
* During sleep, levels decrease because there is less cell activity during sleep
* Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors and sleep does not get turned on
26
Melatonin
* Hormone; endocrine system
* Pineal gland, between thalamus and midbrain
* Natural rhythm; melatonin released 2-3 hours prior to normal bedtime
* Turns on sleep
* Helps adjust to new time zones
27
Effects of Melatonin
```
• Longterm use in lab animals known to cause:
- Impaired learning
- Impaired fertility
- Impaired fetal development
• Unknown longterm effects in humans
```
28
Sleeping Pills
* Turn off wakefulness
* Norepinephrine antagonist
* Not getting the right sleep in the amounts you need after becoming dependent
29
Newer Generation Sleeping Pills
* Turns on sleep
* GABA agonist
* Bizarre side effects occur during sleep and while awake; may not be able to control impulses, could develop gambling problems
* Ambien, Lunesta
30
Rozarem
* Melatonin agonist
* Prescribed
* Good if the person has a hard time initially getting to sleep
31
Night Terrors
* Not to be confused with nightmares.
* Occurs during NREM sleep, common in children. Not associated with dreams. Child wakes up screaming.
* Nightmares occur during REM, the child can usually describe it.
* Children often grow out of it.
32
Fatal Familial Insomnia
* Rare genetic disorder
* Onset usually in middle age
* Death follows within 2-3 years
* Damage to thalamus
33
Fatal Familial Insomnia Symptoms
* Starts with bouts of insomnia and cognitive disturbances
* Confusion, slowed cognitive processes, memory deficits much more pronounced with this group of people
* Hallucinations
* Extreme weight loss
* Complete lack of sleep
* Dementia and then death
34
Stages of Metabolism
* Absorptive Phase (when we are eating)
| * Fasting Phase (when we are not eating)
35
Absorptive Phase
* Occurs during and just after eating
| * Carbs are broken down into glucose
36
Glucose
• Primary source of fuel in the brain and spinal cord
37
Storing Carbs in the Absorptive Phase
* Insulin released by pancreas.
* Glucose enters cells and is used as fuel.
* Some excess converted to glycogen by liver. Remaining excess converted to triglycerides and stored as fat.
* Proteins broken down to amino acids and used for protein synthesis. Excess converted to triglycerides and stored as fat.
* Fats remain as fat. It is not used as fuel in absorptive phase. Immediately converted to triglycerides and stored.
38
Fasting Phase
* Nutrients are not immediately available from digestive system
* Fuel comes from short term and long term reserves
39
Short Term Reserve
* Glycogen in liver converted back to glucose
* 300 calories of glucose stored in liver
* Supplies Central Nervous System
40
Long Term Reserve
* Adipose tissue
* Triglycerides broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
* Glycerol converted by liver into glucose for central nervous system
41
Triglycerides
• Fatty acids used by body cells.
