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Physiological Psychology > Physiological Psychology: Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology: Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ablation

A

removal of a structure

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2
Q

Anterior Commissure

A

set of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres; smaller than the corpus callosum

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

set of neurons that regulates functioning of the internal organs

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4
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

set of subcortical forebrain structures lateral to the hypothalamus, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

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5
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

observation that the dorsal roots of the spinal cord carry sensory information and that the ventral roots carry motor information toward the muscles and glands

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6
Q

Binding Problem

A

question of how the visual, auditory, and other areas of the brain influence one another to produce a combined perception of a single object

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7
Q

Brainstem

A

hindbrain, midbrain, and posterior central structures of the forebrain

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8
Q

Central Canal

A

fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord

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9
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Central Sulcus

A

large groove in the surface of the primate cerebral cortex, separating frontal from parietal cortex

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

highly convoluted structure in the hindbrain

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12
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

outer covering of the cerebellum

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13
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

liquid similar to blood serum, found in the ventricles of the brain and in the central canal of the spinal cord

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14
Q

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)

A

method of visualizing a living brain by injecting a dye into the blood and then passing x-rays through the head and recording them by detectors on the other side

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15
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

large set of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

part of a set of nerves controlling sensory and motor information of the head, connecting to nuclei in the medulla, pons, midbrain, or forebrain

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17
Q

Delayed-Response Task

A

assignment in which an animal must respond on the basis of a signal that it remembers but that is no longer present

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18
Q

Dorsal

A

located toward the back, away from the ventral (stomach) side

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19
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia

A

set of sensory neuron somata on the dorsal side of the spinal cord

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20
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

device that measures the brain’s electrical activity through electrodes on the scalp

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21
Q

Evoked Potentials/Evoked Responses

A

electrical activity of the brain in response to a stimulus, as recorded from the scalp

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22
Q

Forebrain

A

most anterior part of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and other structures

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23
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

section of cerebral cortex extending from the central sulcus to the anterior limit of the brain, containing the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

modified version of MRI that measures energies released by hemoglobin molecules in an MRI scan and then determines the brain areas receiving the greatest supply of blood and oxygen

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25
Q

Gene-Knockout Approach

A

use of biochemical methods to direct a mutation to a particular gene that is important for certain types of cells, transmitters, or receptors

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26
Q

Gray Matter

A

areas of the nervous system with a high density of cell bodies and dendrites, with few myelinated axons

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27
Q

Hindbrain

A

most posterior part of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

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28
Q

Hippocampus

A

large forebrain structure between the thalamus and cortex

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29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

forebrain structure near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus

30
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

swelling on each side of the tectum in the midbrain

31
Q

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

A

condition in which monkeys with damaged temporal lobes fail to display normal fears and anxieties

32
Q

Lamina

A

layer of cell bodies parallel to the surface of the cortex and separated from other laminae by layers of fibers

33
Q

Lesion

A

layer of cell bodies parallel to the surface of the cortex and separated from other laminae by layers of fibers

34
Q

Limbic System

A

set of forebrain areas traditionally regarded as critical for emotion, which form a border around the brainstem, including the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex, and several other smaller structures

35
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

method of imaging a living brain by using a magnetic field and a radio frequency field to make atoms with odd atomic weights all rotate in the same direction and then removing those fields and measuring the energy that the atoms release

36
Q

Magnetoencephalograph (MEG)

A

device that measures the faint magnetic fields generated by the brain’s activity

37
Q

Medulla

A

hindbrain structure located just above the spinal cord; the medulla could be regarded as an enlarged, elaborated extension of the spinal cord

38
Q

Meninges

A

membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

39
Q

Midbrain

A

middle part of the brain, including superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, tectum, and tegmentum

40
Q

Neuroanatomy

A

anatomy of the nervous system

41
Q

Nucleus Basalis

A

area on the dorsal surface of the forebrain; a major source of axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex

42
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

posterior (caudal) section of the cerebral cortex

43
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

system of nerves that facilitate vegetative, nonemergency responses by the body’s organs

44
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

section of the cerebral cortex between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus

45
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

46
Q

Phrenology

A

pseudoscience that claimed a relationship between skull anatomy and behavioral capacities

47
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus

48
Q

Pons

A

hindbrain structure, anterior and ventral to the medulla

49
Q

Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)

A

method of mapping activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals

50
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

gyrus of the cerebral cortex just posterior to the central gyrus; a primary projection site for touch and other body sensations

51
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

anterior portion of the frontal lobe of the cortex, which responds mostly to the sensory stimuli that signal the need for a movement

52
Q

Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain

53
Q

Primate

A

order of mammals that includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and others

54
Q

Raphe System

A

group of neurons in the pons and medulla whose axons extend throughout much of the forebrain

55
Q

Reticular Formation

A

network of neurons in the medulla and other parts of the brainstem; the descending portion controls motor areas of the spinal cord; the ascending portion selectively increases arousal and attention in various forebrain areas

56
Q

Sham Lesion

A

control procedure for an experiment, in which an investigator inserts an electrode into a brain but does not pass a current

57
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

nerves that convey messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to muscles and glands

58
Q

Spinal Cord

A

part of the CNS found within the spinal column; it communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head

59
Q

Stereotaxic Instrument

A

device for the precise placement of electrodes in the head

60
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

midbrain area that gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway

61
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

swelling on either side of the tectum, responsible for certain aspects of vision, including eye movements

62
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

network of nerves that prepare the body’s organs for vigorous activity

63
Q

Tectum

A

roof of the midbrain

64
Q

Tegmentum

A

intermediate level of the midbrain

65
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

lateral portion of each hemisphere, near the temples

66
Q

Thalamus

A

structure in the center of the forebrain

67
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to influence the neurons below the magnet

68
Q

Ventral

A

located toward the stomach, away from the back (dorsal) side

69
Q

Ventricle

A

any of the four fluid-filled cavities in the brain

70
Q

White Matter

A

area of the nervous system consisting mostly of myelinated axons

Physiological Psychology (9 decks)

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